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Asked: 2024-08-23T10:41:24+05:30 In:

Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005? (250 words) [UPSC 2018]

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Introduction

  1. Contextual Background
    • India’s vulnerability to disasters due to geography and resource limitations.
    • Importance of disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures.
    • Mention the signing of the Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) and its significance.

Body

Before Signing the Sendai Framework

  1. Disaster Management Act, 2005

    • Established a legal framework for disaster management.
    • Fact: Provides guidelines for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery (Government of India).

  2. National Disaster Management Policy, 2009

    • Focused on building a culture of prevention and preparedness.
    • Fact: Emphasized coordination and capacity building across various levels (NDMA, 2009).

  3. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), 2006

    • Created to respond to natural and man-made disasters.
    • Fact: Trained personnel for search and rescue operations (NDRF).

  4. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), 2016

    • Aimed at reducing coastal vulnerability to cyclones.
    • Fact: Enhanced early warning systems and infrastructure (World Bank, 2016).

  5. National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project (NERMP), 2010

    • Focused on earthquake risk reduction.
    • Fact: Strengthened building codes and promoted public awareness (NDMA).

  6. National Programme for School Safety (NPSS), 2016

    • Developed guidelines to enhance school safety.
    • Fact: Conducted safety audits and promoted disaster preparedness in schools (NDMA).

After Signing the Sendai Framework

  1. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016

    • Comprehensive framework for disaster management.
    • Fact: Covers all aspects of disaster risk reduction (NDMA).

  2. National Disaster Risk Reduction Fund (NDRRF), 2015

    • Established to provide financial resources for DRR.
    • Fact: Supports various disaster risk reduction initiatives (Ministry of Home Affairs).

  3. National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR), 2017

    • Enhances coordination among stakeholders in DRR.
    • Fact: Facilitates collaboration between government, civil society, and private sector (NDMA).

  4. National Disaster Database (NDDB), 2017

    • Improves data management for disaster risk reduction.
    • Fact: Aids in data analysis and disaster management planning (NDMA).

  5. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), 2016

    • Insurance scheme for farmers affected by natural disasters.
    • Fact: Provides financial support during calamities (Ministry of Agriculture).

Differences Between Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework

  1. Focus

    • HFA: Reducing disaster risks and increasing resilience.
    • SFDRR: Broader focus on prevention, mitigation, and recovery.

  2. Goals and Targets

    • HFA: Five priorities for action.
    • SFDRR: Seven global targets and four priorities for action.

  3. Participation

    • HFA: Primarily government-led initiatives.
    • SFDRR: Emphasizes involvement of all stakeholders, including local communities.

  4. Implementation

    • HFA: Less emphasis on monitoring.
    • SFDRR: Action-oriented with a strong focus on monitoring and evaluation.

Conclusion

  • Summarize India’s evolution in disaster risk reduction measures.
  • Highlight the need for continued efforts and comprehensive strategies to enhance resilience against disasters.
upsc: aapda prabandhan

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2 Answers

  1. Team
    Supreme

    Model Answer

    Before Signing the Sendai Framework

    1. Disaster Management Act, 2005: This act established a legal framework for disaster management, focusing on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
    2. National Disaster Management Policy, 2009: This policy aimed to build a culture of prevention and preparedness while improving coordination and capacity building.
    3. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), 2006: A specialized force created to respond to natural and man-made disasters, including search and rescue operations.
    4. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), 2016: Aimed at reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities to cyclones through enhanced early warning systems and infrastructure improvements.
    5. National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project (NERMP), 2010: Focused on reducing earthquake risks by strengthening building codes and promoting awareness.
    6. National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers for Earthquake Risk Management (NPCBEERM), 2010: Enhanced the capacity of engineers in earthquake risk management through training and education.
    7. National Programme for School Safety (NPSS), 2016: Developed guidelines and conducted safety audits to promote disaster preparedness in schools.

    After Signing the Sendai Framework

    1. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016: A comprehensive plan that provides a framework for disaster management at all levels.
    2. National Disaster Risk Reduction Fund (NDRRF), 2015: Established to provide financial resources for disaster risk reduction and recovery measures.
    3. National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR), 2017: A platform to enhance coordination among stakeholders involved in disaster risk management.
    4. National Disaster Database (NDDB), 2017: Aimed at improving data management for disaster risk reduction.
    5. One Nation One Scheme for Disaster Management, 2018: Provided financial support to states for various disaster management activities.
    6. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), 2016: An insurance scheme for farmers affected by natural disasters.
    7. Climate Change Action Plan, 2018-2023: Addressed the impact of climate change on disaster risk.

    Differences Between Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework

    • Focus: The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) primarily aimed at reducing disaster risks and increasing resilience, while the Sendai Framework (SFDRR) has a broader focus on preventing and mitigating disasters, as well as enhancing recovery and rehabilitation.
    • Goals and Targets: The SFDRR includes seven global targets and four priorities for action, compared to the HFA’s five priorities and various goals.
    • Participation: The SFDRR emphasizes the involvement of all stakeholders, including local communities and the private sector, whereas the HFA was more government-centric.
    • Implementation: The SFDRR is designed to be more action-oriented with a stronger emphasis on monitoring and evaluation to track progress towards its targets.

    Conclusion

    India’s disaster risk reduction measures have evolved significantly, particularly with the adoption of the Sendai Framework, which emphasizes a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to disaster management. Continued efforts are essential to build resilience and mitigate the impacts of disasters on vulnerable communities.

  2. Alia Varma
    Begginer

    Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in India

    Before Signing the Sendai Framework:

    1. National Disaster Management Act (2005): Established the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to formulate policies and coordinate disaster response.
    2. National Disaster Management Plan (2009): Focused on a framework for disaster management, emphasizing prevention, preparedness, and mitigation.
    3. Disaster Management Training and Capacity Building: Initiatives like the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) aimed at training professionals and building capacities.
    4. Early Warning Systems: Development of systems for natural disasters such as cyclones and floods to provide timely warnings.

    After Signing the Sendai Framework:

    1. National Disaster Management Plan (2016): Revised to align with the Sendai Framework, focusing on risk reduction through a comprehensive approach that includes community involvement and local resilience.
    2. State and District Level Plans: Emphasis on integrating disaster risk reduction into state and district plans, ensuring local-level preparedness and response.
    3. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Initiatives: NDMA introduced guidelines and frameworks such as the National Disaster Management Guidelines for Urban Flooding and the National Guidelines on Management of Biological Disasters.
    4. Implementation of Sendai Framework’s Priorities: Incorporation of Sendai’s priorities such as understanding disaster risk, strengthening disaster risk governance, investing in disaster risk reduction, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response.

    Differences between the Sendai Framework and Hyogo Framework for Action:

    1. Focus on Risk Reduction: The Sendai Framework emphasizes disaster risk reduction (DRR) rather than just disaster management, aiming for a proactive approach to reducing vulnerabilities.
    2. Inclusion of Resilience: It incorporates resilience-building as a key component, promoting community-based approaches and the role of local governments.
    3. Global Targets: The Sendai Framework introduces specific global targets to reduce disaster mortality, impact on health, economic loss, and infrastructure damage.
    4. Data and Evidence-Based: It stresses the need for data collection and risk assessment to inform disaster risk management policies, enhancing evidence-based decision-making.
    5. Human Rights and Inclusivity: Emphasis on human rights and inclusive disaster risk reduction, ensuring that vulnerable populations are considered in DRR strategies.

    Conclusion: The transition from the Hyogo Framework to the Sendai Framework marks a shift towards a more comprehensive, proactive, and inclusive approach to disaster risk reduction, focusing on resilience and risk management at all levels.

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