Roadmap for Answer Writing
Introduction
- Purpose: Introduce the topic of earthquake vulnerability in India.
- Context: Highlight the significance of understanding seismic hazards in a country with a high risk of earthquakes.
Vulnerability of India to Earthquake-Related Hazards
- Seismic Activity:
- Fact: India is located on the convergence of several tectonic plates, making it seismically active .
- Source: Geological surveys.
- Seismic Zones:
- Fact: The country is divided into four seismic zones, with northern and northeastern regions primarily in zones IV and V, which are highly active .
- Source: Bureau of Indian Standards.
- Population Density:
- Fact: Densely populated cities in these seismic zones are particularly vulnerable to the impact of earthquakes .
- Source: Census of India.
- Infrastructure Challenges:
- Fact: Many areas lack adequate infrastructure and disaster preparedness, which exacerbates vulnerability .
- Source: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
Examples of Major Disasters Caused by Earthquakes in India
- Latur Earthquake (1993):
- Magnitude: 6.2
- Impact: Over 9,000 lives lost and significant damage in Maharashtra .
- Source: Indian Meteorological Department.
- Bhuj Earthquake (2001):
- Magnitude: 7.7
- Impact: More than 20,000 fatalities and extensive destruction in Gujarat .
- Source: National Disaster Management Authority.
- Sikkim Earthquake (2011):
- Magnitude: 6.9
- Impact: Over 100 lives lost and widespread damage, triggering landslides .
- Source: Geological Survey of India.
Salient Features of Major Earthquake Disasters
- High Fatalities and Damage:
- Significant loss of life and extensive property damage in densely populated areas.
- Lack of Preparedness:
- Insufficient disaster management infrastructure and planning .
- Delayed Response:
- Challenges in coordination among various agencies during rescue and relief operations .
- Need for Improvement:
- Emphasis on better risk assessment, early warning systems, and land-use planning .
- Public Awareness:
- Importance of campaigns to increase preparedness among citizens .
Conclusion
- Summary: Recap the vulnerability of India to earthquake hazards and the lessons learned from past disasters.
- Call to Action: Stress the need for comprehensive approaches to earthquake risk reduction to improve resilience in the face of future seismic events.
Vulnerability of India to Earthquake-Related Hazards
India’s vulnerability to earthquake-related hazards is due to its location at the convergence of the Indian, Eurasian, and Arabian tectonic plates. Key Vulnerable Areas include the Himalayan region, the northeastern states, and parts of Gujarat.
Recent Examples:
These examples underscore India’s susceptibility to significant seismic activity and the need for improved preparedness and mitigation strategies.
Model Answer
Introduction
India is highly vulnerable to earthquake-related hazards due to its location in a seismically active region. The country has a long history of seismic activity, particularly in the northern and northeastern regions, which are prone to significant earthquakes.
Vulnerability of India to Earthquake-Related Hazards
India is situated at the convergence of several tectonic plates, making it susceptible to seismic events. The country is divided into four seismic zones, with most of the northern and northeastern regions classified under zones IV and V, which are considered highly active. These areas are prone to high-magnitude earthquakes, and the densely populated cities within them face severe risks from such events. Factors contributing to vulnerability include unplanned urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of preparedness for disaster response.
Examples of Major Disasters Caused by Earthquakes in India
Conclusion
The major earthquake disasters in the last three decades have emphasized the urgent need for improved preparedness, infrastructure, and coordination among various agencies to mitigate the impact of earthquakes. A comprehensive approach to earthquake risk reduction, including risk assessment, early warning systems, land-use planning, and public awareness campaigns, is essential for enhancing resilience against future seismic events.