In rural areas, caste-based identities remain prominent, often dictating social interactions, political alliances, and economic opportunities. Even in urban areas, where caste distinctions are less visible, they still subtly influence aspects like employment, education, and social networks. Caste-based discrimination, though illegal, continues in various forms, from social exclusion to violence.

Caste also plays a significant role in Indian politics, with many political parties and leaders leveraging caste identities to secure votes. The reservation system, which provides quotas for lower castes in education and government jobs, has been a double-edged sword—promoting social mobility for some while also leading to tensions and resentment among other groups.

While modern India is increasingly questioning and challenging caste-based inequalities, the system’s influence remains a significant barrier to achieving true social equality and cohesion.