DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a molecular biology technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA characteristics. Developed in the 1980s by Sir Alec Jeffreys, this method analyzes specific regions of DNA that are highly variable among individuals, known as short tandem repeats (STRs) or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs).

The process begins with the extraction of DNA from a biological sample, such as blood, saliva, or hair. The extracted DNA is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to create sufficient quantities for analysis. Scientists then examine specific loci on the DNA where variations occur, generating a pattern or “fingerprint.”

DNA fingerprinting has numerous applications, including criminal investigations, paternity testing, and identification of disaster victims. It provides a high level of accuracy and is considered more reliable than traditional fingerprinting methods. However, ethical considerations regarding privacy and consent arise, particularly concerning the storage and use of genetic information. Overall, DNA fingerprinting is a powerful tool that has revolutionized forensic science and genetic research, enabling precise identification and a deeper understanding of genetic relationships.