Roadmap for Answer Writing

1. Introduction

• Definition of Freshwater Resources: Explain what constitutes freshwater resources, including rivers, lakes, groundwater, and glaciers.
• Current Statistics: Present key statistics to highlight the crisis:
  • Approximately 1.1 billion people lack consistent access to clean drinking water.
  • Around 2.7 billion people face recurring water scarcity.
  • Source: United Nations Water Development Report.

2. Reasons Behind the Crisis of Availability of Freshwater Resources

A. Growing Demand vs. Limited Supply

• Fact: The world’s population is projected to increase by nearly 2 billion in the next 30 years, escalating demand for freshwater.

B. Climate Change and Altered Precipitation Patterns

• Fact: Climate change causes unpredictable rainfall and prolonged droughts, disrupting the replenishment of freshwater. For example, in August 2023, India experienced a rainfall shortfall of 36% below normal levels. (Source: India Meteorological Department)

C. Over-Extraction and Depletion of Aquifers

• Fact: Many regions are over-pumping groundwater faster than it can be replenished. It is projected that 60% of India’s aquifers will be in a critical state in the next two decades. (Source: Central Ground Water Board, India)

D. Pollution and Contamination

• Fact: Over 80% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged untreated into freshwater bodies, making them unsuitable for consumption. (Source: World Bank)

E. Inefficient Water Management

• Fact: Poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices can lead to significant water wastage; improperly maintained systems can waste approximately 25,000 gallons of water annually. (Source: American Society of Civil Engineers)

3. Reasons Behind the Crisis of Access to Freshwater Resources

A. Inadequate Infrastructure

• Fact: Many regions lack the necessary infrastructure for freshwater distribution, especially in rural and marginalized areas. For example, the Democratic Republic of Congo has 50% of Africa’s water resources but struggles with access.

B. Economic Disparities

• Fact: Low-income communities often cannot afford water services. In Mumbai, many families rely on contaminated sources due to the high cost of clean water. (Source: Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai)

C. Political and Social Conflicts

• Fact: Disputes over water rights can restrict access to shared resources, as seen in the conflict between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt over the Nile River. (Source: International Water Law Project)

D. Natural Disasters and Conflicts

• Fact: Events like floods and earthquakes can disrupt water supply infrastructure, leading to restricted access. (Source: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction)

E. Lack of Education and Awareness

• Fact: Limited understanding of water hygiene and conservation practices hinders access improvement efforts in many communities.

4. Conclusion

• Summary: Recap the factors contributing to the crisis of availability and access to freshwater resources.
• Call to Action: Emphasize the need for collaborative efforts and effective management strategies to ensure sustainable access to freshwater for all.

Additional Tips

• Use Clear Headings: Organize the answer with headings for better readability.
• Integrate Facts Smoothly: Ensure that facts are relevant and directly support the points made.
• Conclude Thoughtfully: Reflect on the importance of addressing both availability and access issues in the context of global sustainability and human rights.