Expansion of the National Movement and Ideological Strands Since the 1920s

Introduction
The Indian national movement underwent significant ideological diversification and expansion from the 1920s onwards. This period marked a shift from early constitutional agitation to a more broad-based and inclusive struggle for independence, influenced by various ideological strands.

Ideological Diversification

1. Gandhian Ideology: The 1920s saw the rise of Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership, which introduced the philosophy of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34) galvanized mass participation, transcending socio-economic and religious boundaries. Gandhi’s approach appealed to diverse sections of Indian society, including rural and urban populations.
2. Socialist Influence: The 1920s and 1930s also witnessed the growth of socialist ideas within the movement. Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and the Indian National Congress Socialist Party promoted economic and social reforms, advocating for a planned economy and social justice. Their influence is evident in the later adoption of socialist principles in post-independence policies.
3. Communist Ideology: The Communist Party of India (CPI), founded in 1925, introduced Marxist ideas and emphasized class struggle. The CPI’s involvement in the national movement brought a focus on the plight of the working class and peasants. The party’s alignment with the Soviet model influenced subsequent leftist policies and movements in India.
4. Hindu Nationalism: The 1920s also saw the rise of Hindu nationalist movements, with organizations like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) advocating for a cultural and religious revival. Although not directly aligned with the Congress-led nationalist movement, these groups contributed to a broader discourse on national identity.

Expansion of Social Base

1. Inclusion of Marginalized Groups: The national movement increasingly addressed the concerns of marginalized groups, including Dalits and tribal communities. Gandhi’s campaigns against untouchability and efforts to uplift the “Harijans” expanded the movement’s social base.
2. Women’s Participation: The struggle for independence saw a growing role of women in the 1920s and 1930s. Leaders like Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru played active roles in protests and political activities, marking a significant shift in women’s involvement in the national movement.

Recent Examples
The influence of these ideological strands can be seen in contemporary India’s political landscape. For instance, socialist principles continue to influence economic policies, while Hindu nationalism has gained prominence in recent years.

Conclusion
Since the 1920s, the Indian national movement evolved through a variety of ideological influences, expanding its social base to include diverse sections of society. This ideological richness contributed to a more inclusive and dynamic struggle for independence, shaping modern India’s political and social fabric.