Constitutional Provisions and Mechanisms

The Indian Constitution has been the foundation of the country’s parliamentary democracy since its inception in 1947. The following key provisions and mechanisms have shaped the functioning of the democratic system:

Parliamentary System

• ** unicameral legislature**: India has a single-chamber Parliament, comprising the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
• Elected representatives: Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected through a democratic process, ensuring that the government is accountable to the people.

Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles

• Protection of individual rights: The Constitution enshrines fundamental rights, such as equality, freedom, and dignity, which are essential for individual freedoms.
• Directive principles: The Constitution also outlines directive principles, guiding the state to promote social and economic welfare, which are essential for social justice and equality.

Separation of Powers

• Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches: The Constitution establishes a system of checks and balances, ensuring that no one branch of government dominates the others.
• Independent institutions: Independent institutions like the Election Commission, the Central Vigilance Commission, and the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) ensure accountability and transparency.

Recent Examples:

• 2019 Indian general elections: The 2019 general elections saw a significant increase in voter turnout, with over 67% of eligible voters casting their ballots. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the electoral process in a democratic system.
• Lokpal Act: The Lokpal Act, 2013, was enacted to establish an independent institution to investigate corruption allegations against public officials. This demonstrates the government’s commitment to promoting transparency and accountability.

Key Points:

• Independent institutions: The Constitution has established various independent institutions to ensure accountability, transparency, and effective governance.
• Protection of individual rights: The Constitution has enshrined fundamental rights to protect individual freedoms and dignity.
• Separation of powers: The Constitution has established a system of checks and balances to ensure that no one branch of government dominates the others.