IoT-connected critical infrastructure faces several risks and vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity threats are paramount, with potential for hacking, data breaches, and malware attacks. Inadequate security measures can lead to unauthorized access, resulting in disrupted services and compromised sensitive information. Physical attacks on IoT devices, such as tampering or destruction, pose additional risks.

Interoperability issues and outdated software increase vulnerability, as many IoT devices lack consistent security standards and timely updates. Insider threats, whether malicious or accidental, can exploit system weaknesses, causing significant damage.

Privacy concerns arise from extensive data collection, which, if mismanaged or exposed, can lead to personal and organizational privacy breaches. The complexity of IoT networks makes it challenging to monitor and secure all devices effectively.

Failure in one IoT device can have a cascading effect, disrupting entire infrastructure systems. Regulatory and compliance challenges further complicate security efforts, as different regions have varying standards and laws.

Overall, the integration of IoT in critical infrastructure demands robust security protocols, continuous monitoring, regular updates, and comprehensive risk management strategies to mitigate these risks and ensure resilience against potential threats.