“Feeding the Ghosts” by Fred D’Aguiar is a historical novel that explores the 1833 song massacre, in which the crew of the slave ship Zong threw over 130 enslaved Africans into the sea in order to claim insurance money. The novel examines the gendered nature of resistance in this event through the perspectives of several characters.

One key aspect is the contrast between the resistance efforts of the male and female captives. The male slaves, led by Mintah, organize a violent mutiny to try to take control of the ship and escape. This directly confronts the power of the slavers through physical force.

In contrast, the female captives, represented by Mintah’s sister Merle, engage in more subtle and subversive forms of resistance. Merle uses her position as a domestic servant to gather intelligence, sabotage the ship’s operations, and help plan the mutiny. She also preserves the cultural and spiritual traditions of the captives through storytelling and the veneration of ancestral spirits.

This gendered dynamic reflects broader patterns in slave resistance. Male slaves more often turned to overt rebellion, while women drew on domestic roles and cultural practices to undermine the slave system. The novel suggests that both approaches were important in the struggle for freedom, with the women’s resistance providing vital support and resilience to the men’s more confrontational actions.

Additionally, the novel explores how gender intersects with other forms of identity and power in the context of slavery. Mintah’s leadership of the mutiny is enabled by his masculine status, while Merle’s effectiveness depends on navigating the patriarchal structures of the ship. The text thus complicates simplistic notions of gender, highlighting how it operates alongside race, class, and other vectors of oppression and resistance.

Overall, “Feeding the Ghosts” presents a nuanced perspective on the gendered dimensions of slave resistance, showing how women and men drew on different strategies and resources to challenge the dehumanizing conditions of the transatlantic slave trade.