The beginnings of women’s writing in English in India can be traced back to the 19th century, a period marked by significant socio-political changes and the advent of British colonial rule. This era saw the emergence of English education, which played a crucial role in shaping the literary landscape of India. Women, albeit from privileged backgrounds, began to gain access to education and, consequently, the literary world.

One of the pioneering figures in this domain was Toru Dutt (1856-1877), often regarded as the first Indian woman to write in English. Her poetic works, including “A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields” and “Ancient Ballads and Legends of Hindustan,” were celebrated for their rich imagery and profound exploration of Indian themes through the lens of English romanticism. Toru Dutt’s work marked a significant departure from the predominantly male-dominated literary scene, offering a unique feminine perspective and blending Indian sensibilities with Western literary traditions.

Another significant contributor was Krupabai Satthianadhan (1862-1894), whose novel “Kamala: A Story of Hindu Life” is considered one of the earliest examples of Indian women’s fiction in English. Satthianadhan’s works delved into the complexities of Indian women’s lives, addressing issues such as social reform, education, and the constraints of traditional gender roles.

The early 20th century witnessed the rise of Cornelia Sorabji (1866-1954), the first female graduate from Bombay University and the first woman to read law at Oxford University. Her autobiographical writings and fiction offered insights into the legal and social struggles faced by Indian women, advocating for their rights and education.

These early women writers laid the foundation for subsequent generations, breaking barriers and carving a niche for Indian women’s voices in English literature. Their contributions were instrumental in challenging societal norms and paving the way for future feminist discourse. By intertwining their personal experiences with broader social issues, they not only enriched Indian literature but also contributed to the global feminist movement.