The Indian National Congress (INC) played a central and multifaceted role in India’s struggle for independence from British rule. Its evolution from a reformist body to a major political force advocating for full independence was marked by various strategies, leadership changes, and pivotal events. Here’s an overview of the INC’s role in the independence movement:

1. Formation and Early Objectives
Foundation: The INC was founded in 1885 with the primary aim of providing a platform for Indian political expression and advocating for reforms within the British colonial framework.
Moderate Phase: Initially, the INC pursued moderate demands, such as constitutional reforms, increased Indian representation in government, and administrative changes. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were instrumental in these early efforts.
2. Shift to Assertive Nationalism
Rise of Extremists: The early 20th century saw a shift towards more assertive nationalism with leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai advocating for more radical approaches and greater self-rule.
Partition of Bengal: The INC actively opposed the British decision to partition Bengal in 1905, viewing it as an attempt to divide and rule by creating religious divisions.
**3. Gandhian Era and Mass Mobilization
Gandhi’s Leadership: Mahatma Gandhi’s entry into Indian politics in 1915 marked a significant turning point. His leadership brought a new dimension to the independence movement, emphasizing non-violent resistance (satyagraha) and mass mobilization.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): Under Gandhi’s leadership, the INC launched the Non-Cooperation Movement, calling for Indians to boycott British institutions, products, and services. This movement mobilized millions and put significant pressure on British rule.
Salt March (1930): The Salt March was a landmark event led by Gandhi to protest the British monopoly on salt production. This act of civil disobedience garnered international attention and demonstrated the effectiveness of non-violent resistance.
**4. Political Negotiations and Legislative Achievements
Round Table Conferences: The INC participated in the Round Table Conferences with British officials to discuss constitutional reforms. While these conferences did not immediately result in independence, they laid the groundwork for future negotiations.
Government of India Act 1935: The INC supported the Government of India Act 1935, which granted significant autonomy to Indian provinces and was a step towards self-governance, even though it did not satisfy all demands for complete independence.
**5. World War II and the Quit India Movement
Quit India Movement (1942): As World War II progressed, the INC demanded an end to British rule through the Quit India Movement. This was a call for immediate independence and was characterized by widespread civil disobedience and protests. The British response was harsh, with mass arrests and suppression of the movement.
Impact of the War: The war effort and its economic strains further weakened British control and highlighted the need for political reform in India.
**6. Negotiations for Independence
Cripps Mission (1942): The British proposal offered limited self-government in return for support in the war. The INC rejected the proposal but used the opportunity to further assert its demand for full independence.
Post-War Negotiations: After the war, the INC engaged in negotiations with the British government, leading to the Mountbatten Plan and the Indian Independence Act of 1947, which granted India independence and led to the partition of India and Pakistan.
**7. Post-Independence Role
Constitutional Formation: After gaining independence, the INC played a key role in framing the Indian Constitution and establishing the new Indian state. Jawaharlal Nehru, a leading INC member, became the first Prime Minister of India.
Nation-Building: The INC was instrumental in the early years of independent India, focusing on nation-building, economic development, and integrating diverse regions into a unified country.
Conclusion
The Indian National Congress was central to the struggle for Indian independence, evolving from a reformist organization into a mass movement led by figures like Gandhi. Its role included advocating for constitutional reforms, mobilizing public support through non-violent resistance, engaging in critical negotiations with the British government, and eventually leading the country to independence. The INC’s leadership and strategic approaches were pivotal in dismantling British colonial rule and establishing a sovereign India.