Introduction:
The issue of reservation based on caste rather than purely economic factors has been a subject of intense debate and scrutiny in India. Understanding the rationale behind caste-based reservation policies requires a nuanced examination of historical context, social dynamics, and the complexities of affirmative action in a diverse society like India.

1. Historical Context:

Origins of Reservation: Reservation policies in India trace back to the country’s colonial and post-independence eras, aimed at addressing historical injustices, discrimination, and social inequalities faced by certain communities.
Caste as a Marker: Caste has been a pervasive social stratifier in India, with certain caste groups historically marginalized and disadvantaged, leading to the inclusion of caste as a criterion for affirmative action.
2. Social Justice Perspective:

Addressing Historical Injustices: Caste-based reservation aims to provide opportunities to historically marginalized communities and address systemic discrimination and exclusion based on caste.
Empowerment and Representation: Reservation policies seek to empower underprivileged groups, promote social inclusion, and ensure adequate representation in educational institutions and public services.
3. Challenges and Criticisms:

Economic Criteria Debate: Critics argue for a shift towards economic criteria for reservation, emphasizing socio-economic status rather than caste as the basis for affirmative action.
Creamy Layer Issue: The presence of a “creamy layer” within reserved categories, comprising economically privileged individuals, has raised concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of caste-based reservation.
4. Recent Examples:

EWS Reservation: The introduction of Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) reservation in 2019 aimed to provide 10% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs for economically disadvantaged sections, irrespective of caste.
State Initiatives: Some states have implemented reservation policies that combine caste and economic criteria to address the intersectionality of social and economic disadvantage, reflecting evolving perspectives on affirmative action.
Conclusion:
The debate surrounding caste-based reservation versus economic criteria is complex, reflecting the multifaceted nature of social inequality and affirmative action in India. While caste-based reservation has historically aimed at addressing systemic discrimination and empowering marginalized communities, the call for a shift towards economic factors underscores the evolving discourse on social justice and inclusivity. As India navigates the challenges of inclusivity and equity, a nuanced approach that considers both caste and economic dimensions in reservation policies may be crucial in advancing a more comprehensive and effective system of affirmative action that addresses the diverse needs of a complex society.