The Parliament of India ensures the accountability of the executive branch (which includes the President, the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head, and various ministries) through several mechanisms:

1. Question Hour:  Members of Parliament (MPs) can ask questions of ministers, who are obliged to answer. This allows MPs to seek information about the functioning of the government, policies, and decisions.

2. Parliamentary Committees: These committees are constituted by Parliament to examine specific matters in detail, including the functioning of ministries and departments. They can summon ministers and officials for questioning and provide recommendations.

3. Debates and Discussions: Parliamentary sessions include debates on bills, policies, and other matters. Ministers are expected to participate in these debates, defend their policies, and respond to criticisms.

4. Budget Sessions: The annual budget is presented in Parliament by the Finance Minister. This provides an opportunity for MPs to scrutinize government expenditures and revenue plans.

5. No-confidence Motions: MPs can bring a no-confidence motion against the government. If passed, it indicates that the majority of Parliament no longer has confidence in the government, potentially leading to its resignation.

6. Legislative Oversight: Parliament enacts laws and oversees their implementation. It can amend existing laws or repeal them, holding the executive accountable for enforcing legislation.

7. Public Accounts Committee (PAC): This committee examines the audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. It scrutinizes government expenditures and reports findings to Parliament.

8. CAG Reports: The reports of the CAG, an independent body, are examined by Parliament. These reports highlight irregularities, inefficiencies, or potential financial misconduct within the government, ensuring transparency and accountability.

9. Judicial Review: While not directly under Parliament’s purview, the judiciary can review the actions of the executive to ensure they comply with constitutional provisions and laws passed by Parliament.

These mechanisms collectively ensure that the executive branch remains accountable to Parliament, which represents the interests of the people and exercises oversight over the government’s actions and policies.