Extreme climate conditions are primarily driven by natural variability and human activities. Natural factors include volcanic eruptions that release ash and gases, altering atmospheric composition and temporarily affecting climate. Solar variability, such as changes in solar radiation and sunspot activity, also influence climate patterns over long timescales. Oceanic phenomena like El Niño and La Niña can disrupt normal weather patterns, leading to extreme events such as droughts or heavy rainfall.

Human activities significantly contribute to extreme climate conditions through the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming and altering climate patterns worldwide. Deforestation and land-use changes further exacerbate these effects by reducing carbon sinks and altering local climate dynamics.

The combination of natural variability and human-induced climate change is causing an increase in extreme weather events such as heatwaves, intense storms, and floods. Addressing extreme climate conditions requires comprehensive strategies including reducing GHG emissions, promoting sustainable land use, enhancing resilience to climate impacts, and fostering international cooperation to mitigate global climate risks.