Social Factors

1. Class Inequality: A stark divide between the wealthy nobility and the impoverished peasantry created social unrest. The vast majority of Russians lived in poverty, while the elite enjoyed considerable privileges.
2. Autocratic Rule: The rigid autocratic system under Tsar Nicholas II left little room for political reform or dissent. The lack of political freedom and widespread repression fueled discontent.
3. Industrialization: Rapid industrialization led to poor working conditions, low wages, and exploitation in factories, increasing discontent among the urban working class.
4. Intellectual Movements: Revolutionary ideas gained traction among intellectuals and students, who criticized the autocracy and advocated for democratic reforms and socialism.

Economic Factors

1. Economic Strain: Russia’s involvement in World War I placed a severe economic burden on the country, causing food shortages, inflation, and economic instability.
2. Agricultural Problems: The agricultural sector struggled with outdated practices and poor management, leading to food shortages and contributing to peasant unrest.
3. Poor Governance: Economic mismanagement by the Tsarist regime exacerbated economic difficulties, leading to widespread dissatisfaction and calls for change.

These social and economic factors combined to create a volatile environment, leading to the Russian Revolution of 1917.