India faces several key challenges in ensuring robust cyber security. First, the rapid digitalization and expansion of internet services increase vulnerability to cyber attacks. Second, there is a shortage of skilled cyber security professionals, hindering effective response and prevention. Third, critical infrastructure, including banking, energy, and healthcare, is increasingly targeted, with potentially devastating impacts. Fourth, regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms are often fragmented and outdated, leading to inconsistent security practices. Finally, there is a lack of public awareness and education on cyber hygiene, making individuals and organizations more susceptible to threats.

To enhance cyber defence mechanisms, India can take several steps:

1. Strengthening Legislation: Update and enforce comprehensive cyber security laws to address current threats and challenges.
2. Capacity Building: Invest in training and development programs to increase the number of skilled cyber security professionals.
3. Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaboration between government and private sectors to share information and best practices.
4. Securing Critical Infrastructure: Implement stringent security measures and regular audits for critical infrastructure sectors.
5. Promoting Cyber Hygiene: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns to educate citizens and businesses on basic cyber security practices.
6. Research and Development: Encourage innovation in cyber security technologies through funding and support for R&D initiatives.