Roadmap for Answer Writing Analyze the effects of globalization on the institution of marriage in India. To write an effective answer, follow the structured roadmap below: 1. Introduction Purpose: Provide a brief introduction to globalization and its widespread impact on various aspects of society. Context: ...
Model Answer Introduction Gender justice in the constitutional framework of India emphasizes equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of gender. The Indian Constitution is designed to promote a just and equitable society, incorporating various provisions that aim to curtail genRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Gender justice in the constitutional framework of India emphasizes equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of gender. The Indian Constitution is designed to promote a just and equitable society, incorporating various provisions that aim to curtail gender-based discrimination.
Constitutional Provisions Promoting Gender Justice
Preamble
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution advocates for a society where all genders enjoy equal status and opportunities, embodying the vision of gender equality.
Article 14
This article guarantees equality before the law for all citizens, ensuring equal protection and fostering a legal environment conducive to gender justice.
Article 15(1) and 15(3)
Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination based on sex, while Article 15(3) empowers the state to make special provisions for women and children, addressing historical disadvantages and enhancing their representation.
Article 16
It promotes equal employment opportunities, discouraging gender-based discrimination in job appointments and promotions.
Article 21
This fundamental right ensures that no person is deprived of life or personal liberty, emphasizing the dignity of all genders.
Article 39(a) and 39(d)
Article 39(a) guarantees the right to an adequate means of livelihood for both men and women, while Article 39(d) mandates equal pay for equal work, addressing the gender pay gap.
Article 42
It directs the state to ensure just working conditions and maternity relief, recognizing women’s unique roles.
Article 51A(e)
This article instills a moral duty to renounce practices derogatory to women’s dignity, promoting societal change.
Article 243D(3)
Reserving one-third of Panchayat seats for women facilitates their participation in governance and decision-making.
Case Laws Promoting Gender Justice
Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan (1997)
This landmark case defined sexual harassment and established guidelines for its prevention, leading to the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013.
Joseph Shine vs Union of India (2018)
This ruling abolished the criminalization of adultery, affirming women’s autonomy in marriage.
Voluntary Health Association of Punjab vs Union of India (2013)
This case directed the government to implement measures against gender discrimination, including sex selection.
Independent Thought vs Union of India (2017)
It criminalized sexual intercourse with minor wives, thus protecting young girls from marital rape.
Anuj Garg vs Hotel Association of India (2008)
This judgment annulled restrictions on women working in premises serving alcohol, promoting gender equality in employment.
Conclusion
To foster a society devoid of gender discrimination, it is vital to uphold and expand upon these constitutional provisions and legal precedents. The ongoing commitment to gender justice reflects the aspiration for a dignified and equitable life for all individuals, free from gender biases.
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Model Answer The Impact of Globalization on the Institution of Marriage in India Globalization has brought significant changes to various aspects of Indian society, including the institution of marriage. These shifts have been influenced by economic, cultural, and social transformations. The effectsRead more
Model Answer
The Impact of Globalization on the Institution of Marriage in India
Globalization has brought significant changes to various aspects of Indian society, including the institution of marriage. These shifts have been influenced by economic, cultural, and social transformations. The effects can be observed in the following ways:
1. Inter-Caste and Inter-Religion Marriages
Traditionally, caste and religion played a crucial role in determining marriage partners in India. However, globalization and modernization have contributed to a more open-minded approach, especially in urban areas. Inter-caste and inter-religion marriages have become more accepted, with growing social awareness and liberal ideas encouraging individuals to look beyond traditional barriers (Source: Indian Sociology Review, 2020).
2. Delayed Age of Marriage
One of the significant changes is the rising age of marriage, particularly among women. With more women pursuing higher education and career opportunities, the age at which they marry has been delayed. In 2005-06, 47% of Indian women in their early 20s were married before the age of 18. By 2015-16, this number decreased to 27% (Source: National Family Health Survey, 2016). This shift is linked to greater autonomy in decision-making and increased opportunities for women.
3. Selection of Partner
In traditional Indian marriages, arranged marriages, with the involvement of family members, were the norm. However, globalization has empowered individuals, particularly in urban areas, to play a more active role in selecting their life partners. The rise of matrimonial websites and dating apps has given individuals more control over this decision (Source: Times of India, 2019).
4. Increased Divorce Rates
There has been an increase in divorce rates in India, particularly in urban areas. This trend reflects the growing individualism, changing social values, and the declining reliance on marriage for social and financial security. Younger couples, in particular, are more likely to prioritize personal growth and happiness, leading to higher divorce rates (Source: The Hindu, 2020).
5. Changing Relationship Dynamics
Globalization has also led to changing relationship norms, such as live-in relationships and open marriages, especially among the youth in cities. Additionally, the decriminalization of homosexuality by the Supreme Court in 2018 has encouraged more people to openly express their sexual preferences, challenging traditional marriage norms (Source: Supreme Court Judgment, 2018).
6. Consumerism and Wedding Culture
Globalization has introduced Western concepts like bachelor and bachelorette parties, pre-wedding photoshoots, and destination weddings into Indian culture. Luxury items such as refrigerators and cars have also become important components of dowry, reflecting a shift towards consumerism in marriage rituals (Source: Economic Times, 2019).
Conclusion
The impact of globalization on the institution of marriage in India is multifaceted. While aspects like delayed marriage, individual choice in partner selection, and changing relationship dynamics have evolved more rapidly, other changes, such as inter-caste marriages and acceptance of same-sex relationships, are being adopted at a slower pace. These shifts reflect both the challenges and opportunities posed by globalization in redefining traditional institutions in modern India.
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