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Determine how crucial the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is to India’s trade and Asia-Pacific economic integration. Talk about the reasons behind India’s withdrawal from the pact and how that choice would affect its regional economic policy.
Analyze how the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) between Australia, Japan, and India has helped to strengthen and diversify supply networks in the face of geopolitical unrest. Talk about the economic and strategic justifications for this trilateral collaboration.
The unfolding of the Covid-19 pandemic and the aftermath of it has brought to the fore, the unprecedented impact of vulnerabilities and gaps in the global supply chain.In a bid to deal with this, the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative by India-Japan-Australia was formally launched in a virtually helRead more
The unfolding of the Covid-19 pandemic and the aftermath of it has brought to the fore, the unprecedented impact of vulnerabilities and gaps in the global supply chain.In a bid to deal with this, the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative by India-Japan-Australia was formally launched in a virtually held trilateral ministerial meeting in 2021.
Objectives of SCRI:-
Strategic/Economic rationale behind the SCRI initiative:-
Although the SCRI sounds promising having a holistic and extensive plan to move forward is the need of the hour.
See lessAnalyze the International Solar Alliance’s (ISA) contribution to global efforts to mitigate climate change and advance renewable energy. Examine India’s role as a pioneer in the creation of the ISA and the consequences for its green economy and climate diplomacy.
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a crucial initiative aimed at promoting renewable energy and mitigating climate change on a global scale. Established in 2015 by India and France, the ISA seeks to bring together countries with abundant sunlight to collaborate on solar energy projects, thereRead more
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a crucial initiative aimed at promoting renewable energy and mitigating climate change on a global scale. Established in 2015 by India and France, the ISA seeks to bring together countries with abundant sunlight to collaborate on solar energy projects, thereby addressing energy security, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting sustainable development. Here’s an analysis of the ISA’s role, India’s leadership in its establishment, and the implications for India’s climate diplomacy and green economy:
Role of the International Solar Alliance (ISA)
**1. Promotion of Solar Energy:
Scaling Solar Power: The ISA aims to scale up the deployment of solar energy in member countries by mobilizing resources, reducing the cost of technology, and facilitating the exchange of knowledge and best practices.
Project Implementation: The alliance supports the implementation of solar projects, including solar parks, rooftop installations, and solar water pumps, contributing to the diversification of the energy mix in member countries.
**2. Capacity Building:
Technical Assistance: ISA provides technical assistance and capacity-building programs to member countries, helping them develop the necessary skills and infrastructure to harness solar energy effectively.
Training and Education: The alliance conducts training programs for policymakers, technicians, and entrepreneurs to build local expertise and promote the adoption of solar technologies.
**3. Financial Mobilization:
Investment Facilitation: ISA facilitates the mobilization of financial resources for solar projects by partnering with financial institutions, development banks, and the private sector. It aims to lower the cost of capital and make solar investments more attractive.
Innovative Financing: The alliance explores innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds and solar funds, to support large-scale solar deployments.
**4. Policy Advocacy:
Policy Support: ISA advocates for favorable policies and regulatory frameworks in member countries to create an enabling environment for solar energy development. It provides guidance on policy formulation and implementation.
Standardization: The alliance works towards standardizing solar technologies and practices to ensure quality and reliability, facilitating the widespread adoption of solar energy.
India’s Leadership in Establishing the ISA
**1. Initiative and Vision:
Founding Role: India, along with France, played a pivotal role in conceptualizing and founding the ISA. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the initiative at the Paris Climate Summit in 2015, reflecting India’s commitment to renewable energy and climate action.
Vision of Global Solar Cooperation: India’s vision for the ISA was to create a platform for countries to collaborate on solar energy, leveraging their collective strengths to achieve common goals of energy security and climate mitigation.
**2. Institutional Support:
Hosting the ISA Headquarters: India hosts the ISA Secretariat in Gurugram, providing institutional and logistical support. This underscores India’s leadership and commitment to the alliance’s success.
Financial Contributions: India has committed financial resources to support the functioning of the ISA, including grants and concessional lines of credit for solar projects in member countries.
**3. Capacity Building and Technology Transfer:
Knowledge Sharing: India shares its expertise in solar technology, project management, and policy frameworks with other ISA member countries, fostering capacity building and technology transfer.
Demonstration Projects: India has implemented several demonstration projects in ISA member countries, showcasing the potential of solar energy and building confidence in solar investments.
Implications for India’s Climate Diplomacy and Green Economy
**1. Enhanced Climate Diplomacy:
Global Leadership: By spearheading the ISA, India has positioned itself as a global leader in renewable energy and climate action. This enhances India’s diplomatic standing and strengthens its voice in international climate negotiations.
South-South Cooperation: The ISA promotes South-South cooperation, with India playing a central role in facilitating technology transfer and capacity building among developing countries. This fosters solidarity and collaboration among the Global South.
**2. Economic Opportunities:
Green Economy Growth: The ISA’s initiatives contribute to the growth of India’s green economy by creating demand for solar technologies, attracting investments, and generating employment in the renewable energy sector.
Export Potential: India’s leadership in the ISA boosts its solar industry, opening up export opportunities for Indian solar companies and positioning India as a hub for solar technology and expertise.
**3. Domestic Energy Security:
Renewable Energy Targets: India’s active involvement in the ISA aligns with its domestic renewable energy targets, including the ambitious goal of achieving 450 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. The ISA facilitates access to resources and partnerships needed to meet these targets.
Energy Access: The promotion of solar energy through the ISA helps address energy access challenges in rural and remote areas of India, providing reliable and sustainable energy solutions.
**4. Environmental and Social Benefits:
Carbon Emissions Reduction: The widespread adoption of solar energy contributes to significant reductions in carbon emissions, supporting India’s commitments under the Paris Agreement and its national climate goals.
Social Impact: Solar energy projects implemented under the ISA create social benefits, including improved livelihoods, enhanced education and healthcare facilities through electrification, and empowerment of local communities.
Conclusion
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) plays a pivotal role in promoting renewable energy and climate change mitigation globally. India’s leadership in establishing the ISA underscores its commitment to sustainable development and climate action. Through the ISA, India enhances its climate diplomacy, drives economic growth in the green sector, and contributes to global efforts to combat climate change. The alliance provides a platform for India to share its expertise, attract investments, and strengthen its position as a global leader in renewable energy.
“The next few decades are projected to be Africa’s growth tale, if the prior few were of Asia’s.” Examine India’s recent influence in Africa in light of this assertion. (150 words) [UPSC 2021]
Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly define the Indo-Pacific and explain the shift from Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific to highlight its geopolitical importance. Mention the Bay of Bengal as a critical link in this framework and introduce BIMSTEC as a key regional organization. 2. ...
Model Answer Introduction The transition from the "Asia-Pacific" to the "Indo-Pacific" framework highlights the evolving geopolitical landscape, emphasizing the strategic significance of the Bay of Bengal. This shift has positioned BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and ERead more
The transition from the “Asia-Pacific” to the “Indo-Pacific” framework highlights the evolving geopolitical landscape, emphasizing the strategic significance of the Bay of Bengal. This shift has positioned BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) as a critical mechanism for fostering regional integration and addressing shared challenges in the broader Indo-Pacific region.
BIMSTEC’s relevance in the Indo-Pacific framework hinges on adopting the “3Cs” approach: Complementarities with ASEAN initiatives, enhanced Connectivity through sub-regional economic corridors, and better Coordination among member states. Strengthening BIMSTEC will be pivotal in addressing regional challenges and ensuring sustainable growth and stability.
See lessDiscuss the many steps that have been made recently to deepen India’s relationship with the Caribbean countries, emphasizing possible areas of cooperation between India and CARICOM member states.(Answer in 150 words)
Answer: The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) is a grouping of twenty countries in the Caribbean, fifteen member States and five associate members, together forming a single market of political and economic entity established through the Treaty of Chaguaramas on July 4, 1973. The presence of a large IndRead more
Answer: The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) is a grouping of twenty countries in the Caribbean, fifteen member States and five associate members, together forming a single market of political and economic entity established through the Treaty of Chaguaramas on July 4, 1973. The presence of a large Indian diaspora in the region and traditionally close relations of most member countries of CARICOM with India is an important factor in their relationship. The recent 4th India-CARICOM summit highlighted the potential areas of cooperation, such as:
To further deepen and strengthen this relationship, certain recent measures taken in this regard are as follows:
The India-Caribbean story is a true example of South-South solidarity. India through CARICOM should continue to be an active partner in the region’s endeavor to convert these challenges as opportunities for growth, investment, and trade to realizing its true potential.
See less“The next few decades are projected to be Africa’s growth tale, if the prior few were of Asia’s.” Examine India’s recent influence in Africa in light of this assertion. (150 words) [UPSC 2021]
Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Brief Overview of BPTA: Begin with a brief introduction to the India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA), signed in 1993. Mention the key aim of the agreement, which is to ensure peace and stability along the ...
How The India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA) Helps In Containing Border Tension A landmark bilateral agreement between India and China, the India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA), was signed on September 7, 1993 and has been instrumental in managing and reduciRead more
How The India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA) Helps In Containing Border Tension
A landmark bilateral agreement between India and China, the India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA), was signed on September 7, 1993 and has been instrumental in managing and reducing border tensions between the two countries. The agreement is effective since 1994 and aims to provide a framework for peace and tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), the de facto border between India and China. In this article, we will see the important provisions of BPTA and understand the context of BPTA in the disputes between Indo-China border with our analysis of its achievements and limitations.
Historical Context
The India-China boundary is long and complicated, with much of the 3,488 km line being undefined and claimed by both sides. The largest territorial disputes lie in the west, in the Aksai Chin region, and in the east, in the Arunachal Pradesh region. These tensions have resulted in a number of confrontations, most notably the Sino-Indian war of 1962. The evidence suggested that there was a need for mechanism to avoid such conflicts and maintain mutual respect and understanding.
Key Provisions of the BPTA
Several key provisions of the BPTA seek to ease border tensions and encourage peaceful cohabitation:
CBMs (Confidence-Building Measures)
The treaty called for both countries to recognize the LAC and refrain from any use or threat of use of force against each other.
They agreed on the need to reduce forces in the border regions and to clarify the alignment of the LAC.
Regular Border Meetings:
It included provisions for regular meetings between border personnel at multiple levels to discuss and resolve border issues amicably.
Joint working groups and processes were put in place to communicatie and collaborate.
Advance Notice and Coordination:
The two will also give prior warning of military activities and exercise near the LAC.
They also pledged to work together to address border infrastructure and patrolling issues.
Liberal pseudo-legal and pseudo-diplomatic frame:
The BPTA offered a legal and diplomatic structure to settle border disputes through dialogue and negotiation.
It stressed the necessity of a peaceful and stable border region for promotion of regional stability and economic cooperation.
Humanitarian Assistance:
The agreement included language on providing humanitarian assistance in the event of natural disasters or other emergencies along the border.
It also enabled exchange of cultural and trade delegations to put relations on a better footing.
Achievements of the BPTA
Thus far, the BPTA has had several significant successes since being signed to defuse border tensions:
Decrease of Military Hostilities:
The arrangement has reduced the frequency and intensity of military confrontations along the LAC.
The two sides have mostly stuck to the CBMs, keeping tensions from spiraling into all-out war.
Enhanced Communication:
The exchanges of information of Indian and Chinese border personnel through regular border meetings and establishment of communication channels has also been improved.
This has helped prevent small disputes and误解s from growing into bigger problems.
Maintaining Stability in the Border Region
Moreover, the BPTA has played an important role in ensuring a general normalcy in the border region, so that New Delhi and Dhaka can channel their energies toward economic and other forms of cooperation.
With the agreement now signed, the military option is off the table, allowing dialogue and negotiation to proceed without the specter of potential military action looming.
Humanitarian Impact:
The humanitarian assistance provisions have proved helpful during natural disasters, with both countries extending aid to one another after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.
Cultural and trade delegations have exchanged visits to facilitate mutual understanding and trust.
Limitations and Challenges
The BPTA, despite its successes, has encountered some limitations and challenges:
Undefined LAC:
The LAC is not clearly defined in many areas, resulting in different interpretations by both sides.
That ambiguity tends to create patrol standoffs and temporary encroachments, which can also strain relations.
Non-Adherence to Provisions:
One or both sides have sometimes fallen short of full compliance with BPTA provisions.
The Galwan Valley clash of 2020 and tension on the Depsang Plain in 2021 bear testimony to the continuing challenges in maintaining peace and tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
Strategic Interests:
The border regions hold strategic interests for both India and China, encompassing resource access and geopolitical dominance.
As such, these interests often supersede the BPTA provisions so as to block a sustainable resolution of the conflicts.
Political Tensions:
Again, political controversies and international factors (relations with other countries) can affect the implementation of the BPTA.
Strained relations with Pakistan have often been accompanied by heightened tension on the border.
Conclusion
The India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA) has functions as an essential instrument for managing the complex and often fragile border disputes between India and China. While the agreement has been successful in curtailing military actions and bettering communication, it remains hampered by the ambiguous status of LAC, both countries’ strategic ambitions and political posturing. It may be flawed and limited, but even now the BPTA provides an essential framework for sustaining peace and stability in the region. Now, both countries must continue implementing it, in full, and pursue supplemental actions that treat the roots of their border conflicts.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define SAARC and its purpose. Briefly mention the impact of India-Pakistan tensions on the effectiveness of SAARC. 2. Increasing Cross-Border Terrorism Discuss specific incidents of cross-border terrorism, such as: The Uri attack in 2016, where militants crossed the Line of ...
Model Answer Introduction The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has faced significant limitations in its effectiveness due to persistent tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan. Over the past few years, SAARC has been largely inactive, primaRead more
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has faced significant limitations in its effectiveness due to persistent tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan. Over the past few years, SAARC has been largely inactive, primarily due to friction between the two countries. This article explores the consequences of this situation and the importance of engaging Pakistan to address the economic and security challenges faced by SAARC member nations.
The attack on an Indian Army camp in Uri by militants crossing the Line of Control in India-administered Kashmir heightened tensions between India and Pakistan. Following this incident, the Indian government condemned Pakistan and sought to isolate Islamabad on the international stage. India’s decision to withdraw from the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in 2016 was a clear indication of its stance against Pakistan’s involvement in regional cooperation .
India’s withdrawal from the SAARC summit aimed to convey a strong message in the aftermath of the Uri attack and to pursue an alternative approach called “SAARC minus Pakistan.” This approach suggests that addressing South Asian challenges without Pakistan’s involvement might be more feasible due to the civil-military dissonance in Pakistan’s policy towards India. Additionally, Pakistan’s obstruction of economic integration by blocking connectivity initiatives has impeded progress within SAARC .
Pakistan’s policies have stalled important agreements on trade liberalization, cross-border trade in energy, and road connectivity. These actions have not only hindered regional economic cooperation but also led to the formation of sub-regional frameworks such as the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) cooperation, which excludes Pakistan. India has increasingly turned towards alternative regional organizations like BIMSTEC, as evidenced during the BIMSTEC summit held alongside the BRICS Summit.
Pakistan’s role in using terrorism as a tool of state policy has posed significant security challenges in the region. Being strategically positioned between South Asia and Central Asia, Pakistan plays a crucial role in intra- and inter-regional trade and commerce. Effectively addressing security concerns and achieving regional cooperation within SAARC necessitates the involvement of Pakistan in the framework .
Tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan have hampered SAARC’s effectiveness. However, it is crucial to engage Pakistan to overcome the economic and security challenges faced by South Asian nations. Pakistan’s central geographic location and its influence on trade and commerce make it essential to include the country within the SAARC framework for regional cooperation. By promoting dialogue and understanding between India and Pakistan, SAARC can regain its purpose and work towards fostering peace, stability, and prosperity in the region.
See lessAnalyze the contribution of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum to the reform of global governance institutions and the advancement of South-South cooperation. Talk about the areas where you can work together, like UN Security Council reform, peacekeeping, and sustainable ...
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum plays a significant role in promoting South-South cooperation and advocating for reforms in global governance institutions. Established in 2003, IBSA brings together three major developing countries from different continents—India, Brazil, and SoutRead more
The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum plays a significant role in promoting South-South cooperation and advocating for reforms in global governance institutions. Established in 2003, IBSA brings together three major developing countries from different continents—India, Brazil, and South Africa—to enhance cooperation on various international issues. Here’s an evaluation of IBSA’s role in promoting South-South cooperation and reforming global governance:
Promoting South-South Cooperation:
Political Cooperation:
Joint Advocacy: IBSA countries collaborate on common interests and positions in global forums, amplifying their voices on issues such as development, climate change, and trade negotiations.
Diplomatic Support: They support each other’s candidacies for international positions and work together to influence global policies in favor of developing countries.
Economic Collaboration:
Trade and Investment: IBSA promotes intra-group trade and investment, aiming to strengthen economic ties and foster mutual development.
Development Assistance: They share experiences and best practices in development cooperation, including technical assistance and capacity building programs in various sectors.
Cultural and Social Exchanges:
People-to-People Contacts: Cultural exchanges and academic collaborations promote understanding and solidarity among the peoples of India, Brazil, and South Africa.
Education and Research: Collaborative research projects and educational partnerships enhance human capital development and innovation.
Reforming Global Governance Institutions:
United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Reform:
Advocacy for Reform: IBSA advocates for the expansion of the UNSC, including permanent membership for developing countries, to better reflect contemporary geopolitical realities.
Joint Statements: They issue joint statements and coordinate positions on UNSC reform, emphasizing the need for equitable representation and increased voice for developing nations.
Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution:
Peacekeeping Operations: IBSA countries contribute troops and resources to UN peacekeeping missions, demonstrating their commitment to global peace and security.
Conflict Resolution: They collaborate on conflict prevention and mediation efforts in various regions, leveraging their diplomatic and peacekeeping capabilities.
Sustainable Development:
Environmental Cooperation: IBSA promotes cooperation on sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation.
South-South Cooperation: They share expertise in renewable energy, agriculture, and water management to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) and address common environmental challenges.
Challenges and Limitations:
Diverse Priorities: Despite shared interests, divergent national priorities and geopolitical considerations among IBSA countries can sometimes hinder consensus on certain global issues.
Implementation Gap: Translating joint declarations and cooperation frameworks into concrete actions and projects can be challenging due to logistical, financial, and bureaucratic barriers.
Global Power Dynamics: The influence of traditional powers and developed countries in global governance institutions can constrain the impact of IBSA’s advocacy efforts for reform.
Conclusion:
The IBSA Dialogue Forum serves as a platform for India, Brazil, and South Africa to strengthen South-South cooperation, advocate for global governance reforms, and advance their common interests on the global stage. By collaborating on sustainable development, peacekeeping, UNSC reform, and other key issues, IBSA countries contribute to a more inclusive and equitable global order. However, navigating challenges and maximizing the forum’s effectiveness requires continued commitment, strategic coordination, and innovative approaches to address global challenges collectively.
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a significant trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region, comprising 15 countries: the 10 ASEAN nations, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. It aims to create a comprehensive economic partnership, promote trade, and enhanceRead more
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a significant trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region, comprising 15 countries: the 10 ASEAN nations, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. It aims to create a comprehensive economic partnership, promote trade, and enhance economic integration. Assessing its importance for India and understanding the reasons behind India’s withdrawal from the agreement, along with the implications for its regional economic strategy, are crucial for evaluating India’s position in the region.
Importance of RCEP for India’s Trade and Economic Integration
**1. Market Access:
Expanded Trade Opportunities: RCEP offers access to a large market, accounting for about 30% of the world’s GDP and nearly half of the global population. India’s participation could have facilitated greater trade opportunities with these countries.
**2. Economic Integration:
Supply Chain Integration: Joining RCEP would have integrated India more deeply into regional supply chains, enhancing its role in Asia-Pacific’s economic landscape and potentially attracting more foreign investment.
**3. Trade Diversification:
Diversifying Trade Partners: RCEP could have helped India diversify its trade partners and reduce dependency on a few major economies, promoting balanced and sustainable trade growth.
**4. Competitiveness:
Boosting Competitiveness: By lowering trade barriers and enhancing market access, RCEP could have improved the competitiveness of Indian businesses in the global market.
Factors Behind India’s Decision to Withdraw from RCEP
**1. Trade Deficit Concerns:
Worsening Trade Balance: India was concerned that joining RCEP could exacerbate its trade deficit with RCEP countries, particularly with China, which already accounts for a significant portion of India’s trade deficit.
**2. Impact on Domestic Industries:
Protection of Domestic Sectors: There were fears that cheaper imports, especially from China, could harm domestic industries such as agriculture, dairy, and manufacturing, leading to job losses and economic disruptions.
**3. Non-Tariff Barriers:
Non-Tariff Issues: India was worried about the non-tariff barriers and lack of market access for its goods and services in RCEP countries, which could undermine the potential benefits of the agreement.
**4. Rules of Origin:
Complex Rules of Origin: Concerns about the rules of origin and how they could allow products from non-RCEP countries to enter India through other member countries were significant factors in the decision to withdraw.
**5. Lack of Safeguards:
Inadequate Safeguards: India sought stronger safeguards to protect its domestic industries and prevent sudden surges in imports, but these concerns were not adequately addressed in the negotiations.
Implications for India’s Regional Economic Strategy
**1. Focus on Bilateral Agreements:
Bilateral Trade Deals: Post-RCEP, India has focused on negotiating bilateral trade agreements with key partners, such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with Japan and Australia, to enhance trade relations and economic cooperation.
**2. Strengthening Domestic Industries:
Domestic Industry Support: By withdrawing from RCEP, India aims to protect and strengthen its domestic industries, promoting self-reliance and reducing vulnerability to external economic shocks.
**3. Alternative Regional Engagements:
Engagement with ASEAN and Others: India continues to engage with ASEAN and other regional frameworks to enhance economic cooperation without the constraints of RCEP, focusing on mutually beneficial partnerships.
**4. Enhancing Competitiveness:
Reforms and Competitiveness: To compete more effectively in the global market, India is working on domestic reforms to improve the ease of doing business, attract foreign investment, and enhance the competitiveness of its industries.
**5. Strategic Autonomy:
Maintaining Autonomy: India’s decision to withdraw from RCEP reflects its desire to maintain strategic economic autonomy and ensure that trade agreements align with its national interests and development goals.
Conclusion
RCEP holds significant importance for regional trade and economic integration, offering extensive market access and economic opportunities. However, India’s decision to withdraw was driven by concerns over trade deficits, protection of domestic industries, non-tariff barriers, rules of origin, and lack of safeguards. This decision has implications for India’s regional economic strategy, leading to a focus on bilateral agreements, strengthening domestic industries, alternative regional engagements, enhancing competitiveness, and maintaining strategic autonomy. While withdrawing from RCEP presents challenges, it also provides India with the opportunity to pursue a tailored approach to regional and global trade, ensuring alignment with its economic interests and development goals.
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