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Home/upsc: local governance

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Ayon Iyengar
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Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 9, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction to the Aspirational Block Programme (ABP) Briefly introduce the programme’s inception, purpose, and relation to the Aspirational District Programme (ADP). State its primary objective: addressing development challenges at the block level, ensuring equitable growth. Key Features of the ABP Coverage ...

upsc: local governance
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Main Features of the Aspirational Block Programme (ABP) The Aspirational Block Programme (ABP), launched in the Union Budget of 2022-23, aims to improve the performance of underdeveloped blocks across India. Initially covering 500 blocks, it targets sectors such as health, education, waRead more

    Model Answer

    Main Features of the Aspirational Block Programme (ABP)

    The Aspirational Block Programme (ABP), launched in the Union Budget of 2022-23, aims to improve the performance of underdeveloped blocks across India. Initially covering 500 blocks, it targets sectors such as health, education, water resources, and financial inclusion. The program uses 15 key socio-economic indicators (KSIs) to monitor progress and foster competition among blocks. Periodic rankings are released to encourage improvement, and states can add more blocks based on local challenges.

    Impact on Governance and Service Delivery

    1. Inclusive Development: ABP targets marginalized populations, ensuring that development benefits reach them more effectively.
    2. Locally Adaptable Planning: Each block can adopt customized solutions to local issues, moving away from a one-size-fits-all approach.
    3. Grassroots Participation: By addressing specific block-level challenges, local communities are empowered to play an active role in their own development.
    4. Competitive Spirit: The ranking system fosters a healthy competition among blocks, promoting better governance and service delivery.
    5. Convergence for Target Achievement: ABP’s approach involves integrating services across different sectors, helping to bridge gaps and reach Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    Conclusion

    The Aspirational Block Programme, modeled after the successful Aspirational District Programme, focuses on improving governance and public service delivery at the grassroots level. By engaging local communities and encouraging competition, the ABP can significantly enhance the quality of life in underdeveloped areas, ensuring targeted and inclusive development.

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Ajay Sundar
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Ajay SundarLearner
Asked: February 18, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define local bodies and their significance in decentralized governance. Mention the constitutional framework that empowers local bodies (73rd and 74th Amendments). Briefly introduce the topic of pros and cons of merging rural and urban local bodies. 2. Role of ...

upsc: local governance
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Local bodies are fundamental to decentralized governance in India, empowered by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. These amendments have transformed local bodies into key drivers of development and governance, ensuring that local needs are addressed effectively. RRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Local bodies are fundamental to decentralized governance in India, empowered by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. These amendments have transformed local bodies into key drivers of development and governance, ensuring that local needs are addressed effectively.

    Role of Local Bodies in Good Governance

    1. Decentralized Decision-Making: Local bodies enable autonomous decision-making tailored to community needs. For example, Gram Panchayats in Maharashtra successfully managed the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan, enhancing water availability in drought-prone areas.
    2. Enhanced Community Engagement: Articles 243A and 243G promote citizen participation in governance. Initiatives like Ward Committees in Bengaluru empower citizens to engage in local budgeting, fostering transparency.
    3. Accountability and Transparency: The Right to Information Act (2005) encourages regular monitoring of government programs. Social audits in MGNREGA have exposed fund mismanagement, enhancing accountability.
    4. Local Economic Initiatives: Local bodies promote economic development under Article 243W. For instance, municipalities in Gujarat have supported micro-enterprises through the National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM).
    5. Inclusion of Marginalized Sections: Reservations for women and SC/STs ensure political participation from marginalized groups, with women constituting 6% of total Panchayati Raj Institution representatives in 2024.
    6. Resource Management: Local bodies manage natural resources effectively, as seen in Rajasthan’s Alwar district, where community-led efforts improved groundwater levels.
    7. Service Delivery: Municipalities are responsible for essential services like health and education. Kerala’s local self-government departments significantly contribute to the state’s exemplary health outcomes.

    Pros of Merging Rural and Urban Local Bodies

    • Integrated Development: Merging promotes unified planning, balancing infrastructure development across regions.
    • Cost Reduction: Consolidation eliminates redundant administrative functions, improving efficiency.
    • Equitable Resource Allocation: Ensures fair distribution of resources, preventing urban-centric development.
    • Disparity Reduction: Extends essential urban services to rural areas, improving quality of life.
    • Simplified Governance: Reduces bureaucratic hurdles, facilitating easier access to services.
    • Enhanced Service Efficiency: Merged bodies can pool resources for better service delivery.

    Cons of Merging Rural and Urban Local Bodies

    • Overlooked Local Needs: Urban-centric policies may neglect rural-specific issues, particularly in agriculture.
    • Increased Management Complexity: Larger jurisdictions may struggle to address diverse socio-economic challenges.
    • Political Representation Issues: Rural representation may diminish, with urban areas receiving more focus.
    • Skewed Resource Distribution: Urban areas might attract more development funds, leaving rural regions underfunded.
    • Erosion of Identity: Cultural identities of rural areas may be threatened by urbanization pressures.
    • Implementation Difficulties: Aligning regulatory frameworks can be legally complex and slow down governance.

    In conclusion, while merging rural and urban local bodies could streamline governance and foster uniform development, it is crucial to consider local needs, cultural nuances, and equitable resource allocation to ensure sustainable development.

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Rajeshwari Meena
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Rajeshwari MeenaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

Although the Central and state governments have implemented reforms to restructure the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), a number of obstacles still stand in the way of their effective operation. Explain.

upsc: local governance
  1. Sammi Bhargav
    Sammi Bhargav Begginer

    Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are institutions constituted for local self-government in urban areas through their elected representatives. Rapid speed of urbanisation in India poses the challenge of improving the lives of urban residents, which needs to be tackled by reforming urban governance and strenRead more

    Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are institutions constituted for local self-government in urban areas through their elected representatives. Rapid speed of urbanisation in India poses the challenge of improving the lives of urban residents, which needs to be tackled by reforming urban governance and strengthening urban local bodies. Over the last few years, several measures have been taken by the Centre and the state governments in capacity building and overhauling of urban local bodies. These include the following:

    Reforms undertaken by the Central Government:

    • Enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, to Constitutionally recognize urban local bodies.
    • The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has incorporated a Comprehensive Capacity Building Programme (CCBP) to support ULBs under the AMRUT scheme.
    • The Municipal Performance Index (MPI) has been released to assess and analyze the performance of Indian municipalities on various parameters from provision of basic public services to more complex domains like urban planning.
    • Preparation of a National Municipal Accounting Manual to enhance the capacities of ULBs in municipal accounting. This has led to increased transparency regarding utilization of public funds.

    Reforms undertaken by the state governments:

    • Rationalization of stamp duty to establish an efficient real estate market with limited barriers on transfer of property.
    • Reform in rent control laws to balance the rights and obligations of landlords and tenants and to encourage construction and development of housing stocks.
    • Encouraging urban local bodies to make use of municipal bonds to raise funds. Since 1998, local bodies in cities like Nasik, Nagpur, Ludhiana, and Madurai have accessed the capital markets through municipal bonds.
    • Repeal of the Urban Land Ceilings Regulation Act, 1976, by states such as Maharashtra for increasing the supply of land in the market and establishing an effective land market.

    More steps like implementation of e-governance for transparent administration and property tax collaboration with GIS have been taken. However, the urban local bodies are still fraught with structural and institutional challenges which impede their effective functioning, such as:

    • Financial scarcity and corruption: The urban local bodies are facing acute scarcity of finance, as the extent of financial devolution is not commensurate with their responsibilities. Further, some urban local bodies do not collect enough taxes and do not realize the full potential of property tax. Apart from that corruption, favoritism and nepotism are making them inefficient.
    • State’s control in urban planning: In most cases, urban planning is done at the state government level and ULBs have little role in it. Also, excessive control of the states over ULBs restricts the functioning of the latter.
    • Multiplicity of agencies: Multiplicity of agencies like Jal boards, electricity boards, and other special purpose vehicles engaged in urban administration invariably leads to problems of coordination.
    • Inadequately trained personnel: The government functionaries, especially in smaller ULBs, lack exposure to cross learning and to best practices in innovative technologies in areas such as urban planning, citizen participation, municipal service delivery etc.
    • Irregular elections: Elections in some ULBs have been postponed for more than six months due to reorganization of ward boundaries, extension of limits, etc. Further, many states do not constitute the State Election Commission at the prescribed time interval.

    To address the above challenges, steps like strengthening of Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) to support the training needs of ULBs, increasing financial devolution and resource mobilization avenues for ULBs, proactive coordination among the Centre, state, and ULBs regarding urban planning, etc. are the need of the hour.

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Sidharth Mohan
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Sidharth MohanBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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Examine how well the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments have empowered local governments (Urban Local Bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions) and assess the difficulties encountered in putting them into practice in the various states.

upsc: local governance
  1. Kunal Joshi
    Kunal Joshi Learner

    Effectiveness of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in Empowering Local Governments The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of 1992 were landmark reforms aimed at empowering local governments in India through the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local BodiesRead more

    Effectiveness of the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments in Empowering Local Governments

    The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of 1992 were landmark reforms aimed at empowering local governments in India through the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). These amendments were designed to decentralize governance, promote local self-government, and enhance participatory democracy. This analysis examines the effectiveness of these amendments and evaluates the challenges faced in their implementation across different states.

    Objectives and Key Provisions:

    73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992):

    Objective: To empower rural local governance through the establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs).
    Key Provisions:
    Three-tier System: Establishment of a three-tier system comprising Gram Panchayats (village level), Panchayat Samitis (block level), and Zila Parishads (district level).
    Elections and Reservations: Mandates direct elections for Panchayats and reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women (33% reservation for women).
    74th Constitutional Amendment (1992):

    Objective: To strengthen urban local governance through the establishment of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
    Key Provisions:
    Two-tier System: Establishment of Municipalities in smaller urban areas and Municipal Corporations in larger urban areas.
    Elections and Reservations: Mandates direct elections for municipal bodies and reservation of seats for SCs, STs, and women.
    Effectiveness of the Amendments:

    Empowerment of Local Governments:

    Decentralized Governance: The amendments have led to the creation of a more decentralized governance structure, allowing local bodies to address regional and local issues more effectively.
    Recent Examples:
    Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): PRIs play a critical role in implementing MGNREGS, leading to better management of rural employment projects.
    Smart Cities Mission: ULBs are central to implementing the Smart Cities Mission, which aims to improve urban infrastructure and services.
    Increased Local Participation:

    Enhanced Citizen Engagement: Local elections and participatory processes have increased public involvement in governance.
    Recent Examples:
    Panchayats in Kerala: Kerala’s “People’s Plan Campaign” has effectively utilized PRIs for participatory planning and local development, leading to successful community-driven projects.
    Capacity Building and Resource Allocation:

    Funds and Functionaries: The allocation of funds and responsibilities to local bodies has improved the capacity of PRIs and ULBs to deliver services.
    Recent Examples:
    Devolution of Funds: The 14th Finance Commission increased the share of funds allocated to local bodies, enhancing their financial resources for development projects.
    Challenges in Implementation:

    Capacity and Resource Constraints:

    Limited Financial Resources: Many local bodies struggle with inadequate financial resources and limited capacity to manage funds effectively.
    Recent Examples:
    Underfunded ULBs: Several ULBs, particularly in smaller towns and cities, face challenges in managing urban infrastructure due to limited financial resources.
    Political and Administrative Issues:

    Political Interference: Local governance often faces political interference, which can undermine the autonomy and effectiveness of PRIs and ULBs.
    Recent Examples:
    Kerala’s Experience: Despite successful models, local bodies in Kerala have faced political challenges in maintaining their autonomy and effectiveness.
    Implementation Disparities Across States:

    Variability in Adoption: The effectiveness of the amendments varies significantly across states due to differences in political will, administrative capacity, and implementation practices.
    Recent Examples:
    Uttar Pradesh: In Uttar Pradesh, there have been challenges related to the effective functioning of Panchayats due to bureaucratic delays and political interference.
    Bihar: In Bihar, despite the formal structure, the actual empowerment and functioning of local bodies remain limited due to resource constraints and administrative hurdles.
    Accountability and Transparency Issues:

    Lack of Oversight: Ensuring transparency and accountability in the functioning of PRIs and ULBs remains a challenge, leading to issues of corruption and mismanagement.
    Recent Examples:
    Audit Reports: Reports from the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) have highlighted issues of financial mismanagement and lack of accountability in some local bodies.
    Recent Developments and Innovations:

    Digital Initiatives: The integration of digital tools and platforms has improved the functioning and transparency of local governance.

    Recent Examples:
    e-Gramswaraj: An initiative by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to digitize Panchayat records and enhance transparency in rural governance.
    Municipal e-Governance Systems: Many ULBs have adopted digital platforms for better service delivery and citizen engagement.
    Capacity Building Programs: Various state and central government initiatives aim to enhance the skills and capabilities of local functionaries.

    Recent Examples:
    Training Programs: Initiatives like the Capacity Building of Panchayats (CBP) program aim to improve the skills of elected representatives and officials.
    Conclusion

    The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments have significantly contributed to the empowerment of local governments by decentralizing governance and enhancing local participation. However, challenges such as financial constraints, political interference, and disparities in implementation across states hinder the full realization of their potential. Addressing these challenges through improved resource allocation, capacity building, and innovative practices can enhance the effectiveness of Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies in achieving better governance and development outcomes.

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Dhairya Jain
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Dhairya JainBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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Examine the steps the government has taken to address the issues raised by urbanization, including the availability of affordable housing, access to essential services, and sustainable urban planning, and evaluate the part played by local governments in putting these policies ...

upsc: local governance
  1. Nandan Iyengar
    Nandan Iyengar Begginer

    Government Measures to Address Urbanization Challenges and the Role of Local Governments Introduction Urbanization presents significant challenges, including the need for affordable housing, access to basic services, and sustainable urban planning. The Indian government has implemented various measuRead more

    Government Measures to Address Urbanization Challenges and the Role of Local Governments

    Introduction

    Urbanization presents significant challenges, including the need for affordable housing, access to basic services, and sustainable urban planning. The Indian government has implemented various measures to address these challenges, with local governments playing a crucial role in their implementation. This analysis evaluates the measures taken and assesses the effectiveness of local governments in addressing urbanization challenges.

    Government Measures

    1. Provision of Affordable Housing
      • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): The PMAY scheme aims to provide affordable housing to all urban poor by 2022. It offers financial assistance for the construction of houses and the enhancement of existing housing.
        • Recent Example: Under PMAY, over 1 crore houses have been sanctioned as of 2023, with a focus on economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income groups (LIG) in urban areas.
      • Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs): The ARHC scheme promotes the development of affordable rental housing for migrants, industrial workers, and other low-income urban populations.
        • Recent Example: In 2022, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) approved the development of ARHCs in several metropolitan areas, including Delhi and Mumbai, to provide rental accommodation at affordable rates.
    2. Access to Basic Services
      • Smart Cities Mission: This initiative focuses on improving urban infrastructure, including water supply, sanitation, waste management, and transportation. The aim is to enhance the quality of life in urban areas through smart solutions.
        • Recent Example: The Smart Cities Mission has led to the implementation of smart water management systems and improved waste segregation in cities like Bhopal and Indore.
      • Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): AMRUT seeks to improve urban infrastructure and service delivery in cities, focusing on water supply, sewerage, and green spaces.
        • Recent Example: The AMRUT scheme has successfully revamped water supply and sewage systems in cities such as Chennai and Kolkata, leading to better sanitation and water quality.
      • Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban): Launched to promote cleanliness and sanitation in urban areas, the mission includes the construction of public toilets, waste management systems, and awareness campaigns.
        • Recent Example: The Swachh Bharat Mission has led to the construction of over 1 lakh public toilets and improved waste management practices in various cities, including Hyderabad and Pune.
    3. Sustainable Urban Planning
      • National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP): The NUTP promotes sustainable urban transport solutions, including the development of public transit systems, non-motorized transport, and congestion management.
        • Recent Example: The Delhi Metro Expansion project, supported by NUTP, has improved urban mobility and reduced traffic congestion in the National Capital Region (NCR).
      • Green Building Initiatives: The government encourages the construction of green buildings through incentives and regulations aimed at reducing environmental impact and enhancing energy efficiency.
        • Recent Example: The Griha and LEED certification programs have promoted green building practices in urban areas, with cities like Bengaluru and Chandigarh leading in green construction projects.
      • Master Plans and Zoning Regulations: Local governments are responsible for creating master plans and enforcing zoning regulations that guide sustainable land use, infrastructure development, and environmental conservation.
        • Recent Example: The Mumbai Development Plan 2034 includes provisions for sustainable land use, increased green spaces, and improved transportation infrastructure.

    Role of Local Governments

    1. Implementation of Housing Schemes
      • Execution of PMAY and ARHCs: Local governments are tasked with implementing housing schemes, including site selection, construction, and beneficiary identification. They ensure that housing projects meet the needs of the urban poor and migrants.
        • Recent Example: Local authorities in Bhubaneswar have been actively involved in the construction and allocation of PMAY houses, addressing the housing needs of low-income residents.
    2. Improving Access to Basic Services
      • Service Delivery and Infrastructure Maintenance: Local governments manage and maintain infrastructure related to water supply, sanitation, waste management, and transportation. They ensure that services are delivered efficiently and meet the needs of urban residents.
        • Recent Example: The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation has improved waste management and water supply services through the implementation of AMRUT and Swachh Bharat Mission projects.
      • Public Engagement and Awareness: Local governments conduct public engagement activities and awareness campaigns to promote the use of improved services and facilities, such as clean public toilets and waste segregation practices.
        • Recent Example: The Pune Municipal Corporation has run awareness campaigns on sanitation and cleanliness under the Swachh Bharat Mission, contributing to improved public hygiene.
    3. Sustainable Urban Planning
      • Enforcing Master Plans and Zoning Regulations: Local authorities are responsible for enforcing master plans and zoning regulations that promote sustainable development and prevent unauthorized construction.
        • Recent Example: The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) has enforced zoning regulations and master plans to manage urban growth and maintain environmental sustainability.
      • Community Participation and Feedback: Local governments involve community members in the planning process through consultations and feedback mechanisms to ensure that urban planning addresses local needs and preferences.
        • Recent Example: The Chennai Smart City Mission includes community consultations to incorporate citizen feedback into urban planning and infrastructure projects.

    Assessment of Effectiveness

    1. Impact on Affordable Housing
      • Increased Housing Availability: The PMAY and ARHCs schemes have significantly increased the availability of affordable housing in urban areas, helping to address the housing deficit.
        • Recent Example: The completion of PMAY houses in cities like Varanasi and Agra has provided much-needed housing to economically weaker sections.
    2. Improved Access to Basic Services
      • Enhanced Quality of Life: Improvements in water supply, sanitation, and waste management have led to better living conditions and enhanced the quality of life in urban areas.
        • Recent Example: The Swachh Bharat Mission has resulted in cleaner urban environments and better sanitation facilities, contributing to public health improvements in cities such as Kolkata.
    3. Advancements in Sustainable Urban Planning
      • Sustainable Development: Green building initiatives and master plans have promoted sustainable urban development, reducing environmental impacts and improving urban resilience.
        • Recent Example: The Green Building Projects in Bengaluru have set benchmarks for sustainable construction practices and energy efficiency.

    Challenges and Areas for Improvement

    1. Implementation Challenges:
      • Coordination Issues: Coordinating between central and local governments can be challenging, affecting the timely execution of housing and infrastructure projects.
    2. Resource Constraints:
      • Budget Limitations: Limited financial resources can impact the scale and effectiveness of housing, infrastructure, and sustainable planning projects.
    3. Urban Planning Disparities:
      • Uneven Development: Disparities in urban planning and infrastructure development between different cities and regions can lead to unequal access to services and opportunities.

    Conclusion

    The Indian government has implemented a range of measures to address the challenges of urbanization, focusing on affordable housing, basic services, and sustainable urban planning. Local governments play a crucial role in the implementation of these measures, contributing to improved living conditions and urban development. However, challenges such as coordination, resource constraints, and disparities in urban planning need to be addressed to ensure effective and equitable urbanization outcomes. Continued investment in these areas and enhanced collaboration between different levels of government will be essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive urban development.

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Mamta Rani
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Mamta RaniLearner
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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Analyze the efforts made by the government to encourage women and other excluded groups to participate in local governance. Assess how these measures affect inclusive decision-making and the achievement of local development priorities.

upsc: local governance
  1. Aachal Vayeda
    Aachal Vayeda Begginer

    [caption id="attachment_107868" align="alignnone" width="300"] Image courtesy: animalia-lifeclub. com[/caption] Women in Education: From 13% of the intake 20 years ago, women students now make up almost a third (31%) of the students at the first-generation IIMs. Also, while students from engineeringRead more

    Image courtesy: animalia-lifeclub. com

    Women in Education:

    From 13% of the intake 20 years ago, women students now make up almost a third (31%) of the students at the first-generation IIMs. Also, while students from engineering backgrounds still dominate these schools, they are down from 90% a decade ago to 66% now.

    The Indian Express analysed admission data, obtained under the Right to Information Act, of the flagship two-year postgraduate programme (PGP) at the six IIMs — Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Kozhikode, Lucknow and Indore — to find that in the last 20 years, the proportion of women in the classroom has at least doubled in five of them.The Indian government has undertaken several initiatives to promote women and marginalized groups in local governance.
    Constitutional quota: The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act mandates one-third of seats in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), rural local bodies, to be reserved for women. This legislation has ensured a significant rise in women’s voices being heard at the local level.
    Capacity building programs: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj offers training programs on leadership, governance, and financial management specifically for women representatives in PRIs. But empowerment goes beyond quotas. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj provides capacity building programs, equipping women representatives with the knowledge and skills to navigate the intricacies of governance, finance, and leadership. These programs are instrumental in transforming women from elected officials to effective agents of change. Mahila Shakti Kendras: These one-stop centers in villages provide women with skill development training, access to credit, and entitlements. These initiatives have increased women’s participation in PRIs. By addressing social and economic barriers, Mahila Shakti Kendras are paving the way for women to participate meaningfully in local decision-making. However, challenges like social barriers and lack of resources persist in the Indian landscape.

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Lala Ram
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Lala RamLearner
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze the efforts made by the government to encourage women and other excluded groups to participate in local governance. Assess how these measures affect inclusive decision-making and the achievement of local development priorities.

upsc: local governance
Lohit Raman
  • 0
Lohit RamanBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about the steps the government has made to resolve the problems caused by rural-urban migration and guarantee that the migrant population is effectively served by the government’s engagement of local governments.

upsc: local governance
  1. Nandan Iyengar
    Nandan Iyengar Begginer

    Measures to Address Rural-Urban Migration and Ensure Effective Service Delivery to Migrant Populations Introduction Rural-urban migration is a significant demographic trend that poses various challenges, including the need for effective service delivery and integration of migrant populations into urRead more

    Measures to Address Rural-Urban Migration and Ensure Effective Service Delivery to Migrant Populations

    Introduction

    Rural-urban migration is a significant demographic trend that poses various challenges, including the need for effective service delivery and integration of migrant populations into urban settings. The Indian government has implemented several measures to address these challenges, with local governments playing a crucial role in ensuring effective service delivery. This analysis discusses the measures taken and evaluates their impact.

    Government Measures

    1. Improving Livelihood Opportunities
      • Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme (DAY-NRLM): This scheme aims to provide employment opportunities to the urban poor, including migrants, through skill development and job creation initiatives.
        • Recent Example: In 2023, DAY-NRLM facilitated training and employment for migrants in cities like Bhopal and Patna, helping them secure local jobs and integrate into the urban economy.
      • Skill Development Programs: The government has launched various skill development programs to enhance the employability of migrants, such as the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY).
        • Recent Example: The PMKVY has provided vocational training to over 6 lakh urban migrants in sectors such as construction, retail, and hospitality across several urban centers.
    2. Enhancing Access to Basic Services
      • Affordable Rental Housing: The Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs) scheme aims to provide affordable rental housing for migrants, industrial workers, and low-income groups in urban areas.
        • Recent Example: In 2022, ARHCs were established in Delhi and Mumbai to offer affordable rental options for migrants, improving their access to housing and reducing the strain on informal settlements.
      • Health and Social Services: The government has integrated migrants into health and social welfare programs through schemes like the National Health Mission (NHM) and Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
        • Recent Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the NHM ensured that migrants had access to health services, including vaccinations and testing, particularly in high-density urban areas.
      • Public Distribution System (PDS): Efforts have been made to include migrants in the PDS to ensure they have access to essential food items and subsidies.
        • Recent Example: In 2023, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs streamlined the PDS to better serve migrant workers in urban areas by simplifying the registration and distribution processes.
    3. Urban Infrastructure Development
      • Smart Cities Mission: This initiative aims to improve urban infrastructure, including the development of better housing, sanitation, and transportation facilities, which benefit migrants as well.
        • Recent Example: The Smart Cities Mission has led to the development of improved sanitation facilities and transportation infrastructure in cities like Ahmedabad and Surat, enhancing living conditions for migrants.
      • Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): AMRUT focuses on upgrading urban infrastructure, including water supply, sewerage, and green spaces, which indirectly benefits migrant populations.
        • Recent Example: The AMRUT scheme has facilitated the upgrading of sewerage systems and water supply in cities like Chennai and Kolkata, improving overall urban living conditions.
    4. Legal and Policy Framework
      • National Urban Policy Framework: The government has developed policies to address issues related to urban migration, including the creation of supportive legal frameworks for migrant workers.
        • Recent Example: The Code on Social Security, 2020, includes provisions for extending social security benefits to informal sector workers, including migrants.
      • Legal Protection and Rights: Measures have been taken to protect the rights of migrant workers through various labor laws and regulations.
        • Recent Example: The Migrant Workers Act, introduced in 2023, aims to provide legal protection and ensure fair wages and working conditions for migrant workers.

    Role of Local Governments

    1. Implementation of Housing and Infrastructure Projects
      • Local Housing Authorities: Local governments are responsible for implementing housing projects under schemes like ARHCs and managing affordable rental housing developments.
        • Recent Example: The Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board has managed the implementation of ARHCs in Delhi, ensuring that the housing needs of migrants are met effectively.
      • Infrastructure Development: Local governments oversee the development and maintenance of urban infrastructure, including sanitation and transportation, which directly impacts the quality of life for migrants.
        • Recent Example: The Mumbai Municipal Corporation has been involved in improving public sanitation and transport facilities, addressing the needs of the increasing migrant population.
    2. Service Delivery and Community Support
      • Healthcare and Welfare Services: Local governments facilitate the delivery of healthcare and social services to migrants, ensuring their integration into existing welfare programs.
        • Recent Example: During the COVID-19 crisis, local health authorities in Hyderabad implemented mobile health clinics to reach migrant workers in informal settlements and provide essential health services.
      • Employment and Skill Development Centers: Local authorities set up and manage skill development and employment centers that provide training and job opportunities for migrants.
        • Recent Example: The Bengaluru Urban Development Authority has established several skill development centers that offer training and job placement services for migrants.
    3. Legal and Social Integration
      • Registration and Documentation: Local governments assist migrants in obtaining necessary documentation and accessing legal rights and services.
        • Recent Example: In Kolkata, local municipal bodies have streamlined the process for migrants to obtain identity cards and access social welfare schemes.
      • Community Engagement: Local governments engage with migrant communities to address their specific needs and ensure their active participation in urban development initiatives.
        • Recent Example: The Pune Municipal Corporation has conducted community outreach programs to understand and address the issues faced by migrant workers, including access to services and social integration.

    Assessment of Effectiveness

    1. Improved Livelihood and Housing
      • Economic Integration: Measures such as skill development programs and affordable rental housing have enhanced the livelihood opportunities and housing conditions for migrants.
        • Recent Example: The ARHCs in Delhi and Mumbai have successfully provided affordable housing options, reducing the pressure on informal settlements.
    2. Better Access to Services
      • Enhanced Service Delivery: Integration into health and social services has improved the well-being of migrant populations, with better access to essential services.
        • Recent Example: The Swachh Bharat Mission has significantly improved sanitation in urban areas, benefiting migrants through better public hygiene facilities.
    3. Legal Protection and Rights
      • Increased Protection: Legal frameworks and policies have strengthened the protection of migrant workers, ensuring their rights and access to social security benefits.
        • Recent Example: The Migrant Workers Act has provided a more structured approach to protecting migrant workers’ rights, including fair wages and working conditions.

    Challenges and Areas for Improvement

    1. Implementation Gaps:
      • Coordination Issues: Ensuring effective coordination between central and local governments can be challenging, impacting the seamless delivery of services to migrants.
    2. Resource Constraints:
      • Limited Funding: Budgetary constraints can affect the scale and effectiveness of housing, infrastructure, and service delivery initiatives.
    3. Integration and Social Cohesion:
      • Cultural and Social Integration: Ensuring that migrants are socially integrated and do not face discrimination remains a challenge that requires continuous effort and community engagement.

    Conclusion

    The Indian government has implemented various measures to address the challenges of rural-urban migration, including initiatives for affordable housing, access to basic services, and legal protection. Local governments play a crucial role in the effective implementation of these measures, contributing to improved living conditions and integration of migrant populations. Despite these efforts, challenges such as coordination, resource constraints, and social integration need to be addressed to ensure that migrants receive the support they need and contribute positively to urban development. Enhanced collaboration and continued investment in these areas will be essential for achieving inclusive and effective service delivery for the growing migrant population.

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Swapna Sundari
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Swapna SundariLearner
Asked: January 22, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction (100-150 words): Contextualize the importance of PRIs: Briefly introduce Panchayati Raj Institutions as a critical part of India’s decentralized governance system, aimed at promoting local self-governance and inclusive development. Mention the relevance of financial autonomy: ...

upsc: local governance
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer 1. Over-reliance on Grants A major issue faced by PRIs is their heavy dependence on grants from the central and state governments. As per an RBI report, approximately 95% of their revenue is derived from these grants. This makes PRIs financially vulnerable and limits their autonomy in dRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Over-reliance on Grants
    A major issue faced by PRIs is their heavy dependence on grants from the central and state governments. As per an RBI report, approximately 95% of their revenue is derived from these grants. This makes PRIs financially vulnerable and limits their autonomy in decision-making and local development.

    2. Weak State Finance Commissions (SFCs)
    Article 243-I of the Indian Constitution mandates the creation of State Finance Commissions (SFCs) to recommend the devolution of funds to local governments. However, only 9 states have constituted their 6th SFC, and of these, only two are operational. The lack of effective and functional SFCs exacerbates the financial difficulties faced by PRIs by delaying and limiting the funds allocated to them.

    3. Insufficient Tax Revenue
    PRIs generate very little revenue through local taxes and fees. In 2021-22, their own revenue from taxes and fees accounted for just 1.1% of total revenue. This is due to a narrow tax base, low compliance rates, and weak enforcement mechanisms. Additionally, lack of awareness and clarity regarding tax rules contributes to the underperformance in tax collection.

    4. Misuse of Funds
    Instances of corruption and fund mismanagement are also prevalent. The absence of strong oversight mechanisms allows for the misuse of funds, as demonstrated by the diversion of Rs 1.58 crore from the Gannavaram Gram Panchayat (Andhra Pradesh) without proper approval. This undermines the financial stability and credibility of PRIs.

    Steps to Enhance Revenue Generation for PRIs

    To address these challenges, several measures can be implemented:

    1. Strengthening Tax Collection
    PRIs should adopt innovative approaches like partnering with Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for tax and fee collection. For example, Surquja Gram Panchayat in Chhattisgarh witnessed an increase in revenue by collaborating with SHGs.

    2. Improving Transparency and Resource Efficiency
    Enhanced budgeting, fiscal discipline, and transparent resource management can help reduce misuse of funds. Regular audits and monitoring mechanisms should be put in place to ensure proper utilization.

    3. Revenue Diversification
    PRIs can adopt best practices from other successful models. Bademarenga Gram Panchayat in Chhattisgarh, for example, implemented various initiatives to increase both tax and non-tax revenue, such as leveraging local resources for income generation.

    4. Land Monetization
    PRIs should identify unused land for development purposes, such as commercial projects, community centers, or markets. This can generate significant revenue and contribute to local infrastructure.

    5. Strengthening SFCs
    Regular constitution and empowerment of SFCs are crucial for ensuring fair and timely devolution of funds from the state to the local level.

    By embracing these strategies, PRIs can enhance their financial independence and play a more effective role in rural development.

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Dinesh Raghavan
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Dinesh RaghavanBegginer
Asked: January 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (50-60 words) Briefly introduce the role of ULBs in the Indian governance structure, especially after the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992. Mention the constitutional backing of ULBs under Articles 243O and 243W, emphasizing the shift towards decentralized ...

upsc: local governance
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction: Measures to Strengthen Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 played a pivotal role in strengthening the framework of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India, granting them constitutional status and empowering local governance. SeveralRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction: Measures to Strengthen Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India

    The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 played a pivotal role in strengthening the framework of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India, granting them constitutional status and empowering local governance. Several measures have been introduced to improve the functioning of ULBs, aiming to promote democratic participation, citizen empowerment, and accountability. However, despite these efforts, challenges persist that undermine the effective realization of these goals.

    Positive Measures and Their Impact

    1. Constitutional Provisions: Articles 243O and 243W of the Constitution ensure that ULBs are equipped with the authority to govern urban areas. The provisions for regular elections, State Election Commissions, and representation of marginalized communities (SCs, STs, and women) have improved local governance, with notable increases in women’s participation, which has positively impacted the delivery of public goods (Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India).
    2. Financial and Functional Devolution: The establishment of State Finance Commissions (SFCs) and Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPCs) aims to devolve functions and funds to ULBs. These measures were intended to provide greater autonomy to local bodies in managing urban development. For instance, the reservation of seats and the concept of Ward Committees has empowered citizens, allowing for greater transparency and citizen participation in municipal governance.

    Challenges in Effective Implementation

    1. Lack of Functional Devolution: While the Twelfth Schedule outlines 18 functions for devolution, the actual transfer of power has been slow. In states like Karnataka, ULBs control only a limited number of functions, and key sectors such as urban planning and water supply remain under state control (Source: National Institute of Urban Affairs).
    2. Inadequate Financial Devolution: The timely constitution of SFCs is often delayed, and their recommendations frequently go unheeded. This has led to inadequate financial resources for ULBs to manage their responsibilities. For example, the financial allocations for cities are often insufficient, hindering their ability to deliver essential services (Source: Centre for Policy Research).
    3. Bureaucratic Control and Overlapping Functions: In cities like Chennai and Hyderabad, executive control lies with bureaucrats rather than elected representatives, weakening the role of the Mayor and diminishing local accountability. Additionally, the overlap of functions between state agencies and ULBs leads to a dilution of local autonomy (Source: Urban Governance Report, 2023).

    Conclusion

    While the measures introduced by the 74th Amendment Act have significantly enhanced the democratic framework of ULBs in India, their effectiveness is undermined by challenges such as delayed financial devolution, inadequate functional autonomy, and overlapping responsibilities. For ULBs to truly strengthen local governance, state governments must prioritize devolution of power, finances, and functions to local bodies, ensuring that they have the necessary resources and autonomy for effective urban management.

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