भारत में आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण (डी० आर० आर०) के लिए ‘सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप (2015-2030)’ हस्ताक्षरित करने से पूर्व एवं उसके पश्चात् किए गए विभिन्न उपायों का वर्णन कीजिए। यह प्रारूप ‘ह्योगो कार्रवाई प्रारूप, 2005 से किस प्रकार भिन्न ...
Model Answer Introduction Shell companies, defined as entities without active business operations or significant assets, are often exploited for illicit activities like money laundering. While not inherently illegal, their misuse raises significant concerns. Mechanisms of Money Laundering FabricatedRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Shell companies, defined as entities without active business operations or significant assets, are often exploited for illicit activities like money laundering. While not inherently illegal, their misuse raises significant concerns.
Mechanisms of Money Laundering
- Fabricated Transactions: Shell companies facilitate money laundering by claiming monetary transactions on behalf of clients. Criminals deposit cash into these businesses and then transfer it to their accounts through fake invoices. This process creates an illusion of legitimate income (Ministry of Corporate Affairs).
- Layering: Money launderers often establish multiple layers of shell companies. This complexity obscures the original source of funds, making it difficult for regulators to trace illicit gains. Each transaction adds another layer of anonymity (Economic Times).
- Hiding Ownership: Shell companies can disguise the ultimate beneficial ownership, allowing launderers to evade sanctions and anti-money laundering checks by obscuring the true nature of the operations (India Today).
Measures to Limit Shell Companies
- Task Force: In 2017, the Indian government formed a task force under the Joint Chairmanship of Revenue Secretary and the Secretary of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to combat shell company malpractices (Ministry of Corporate Affairs).
- MoU for Tax Information: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs and the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) signed a Memorandum of Understanding for regular exchange of tax information to prevent misuse of corporate structures (Business Standard).
- Operation Clean Money: The government has acted against over 200,000 shell companies as part of this initiative aimed at curbing black money and money laundering (Hindustan Times).
- Finance Act 2015: This act redefined residency criteria for companies, enabling better regulation of domestic entities (Ministry of Corporate Affairs).
- SEBI Initiatives: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) mandates exchanges to verify the fundamentals of companies suspected of being shell entities, with the option to delist those lacking credibility (Financial Express).
In conclusion, while shell companies pose significant risks for money laundering, ongoing regulatory measures aim to mitigate these threats effectively.
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आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण (DRR) और सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप 1. सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप (2015-2030) के तहत किए गए उपाय: पूर्व-हस्ताक्षरित उपाय: राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन योजना: भारत ने 2016 में अपनी राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन योजना तैयार की, जो सेंडाई प्रारूप के सिद्धांतों के अनुरूप है। इसRead more
आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण (DRR) और सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप
1. सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप (2015-2030) के तहत किए गए उपाय:
2. सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप और ह्योगो कार्रवाई प्रारूप में भिन्नताएँ:
3. निष्कर्ष: सेंडाई आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण प्रारूप ने भारत में आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण के दृष्टिकोण को नया दिशा दिया है। इसके माध्यम से, स्थानीय स्तर पर सामुदायिक सशक्तिकरण और स्थिर विकास को प्राथमिकता दी गई है, जो ह्योगो प्रारूप की विशेषताएँ और दृष्टिकोण से भिन्न है।
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