An endeavor that successfully combined institutional, technological, and market innovation is Operation Flood. Talk about how it affects society as well.
The period from 1960’s to the end of 1980 is the most tumultuous time of newly independent India. This period has seen many changes in Indian politics, economy and forgein policy. India faced various external threats in forms of wars, its economy experienced bouts of recession and Indian democracy fRead more
The period from 1960’s to the end of 1980 is the most tumultuous time of newly independent India. This period has seen many changes in Indian politics, economy and forgein policy. India faced various external threats in forms of wars, its economy experienced bouts of recession and Indian democracy faced existential threat in the form of National emergency. However it was also a period where it won two major wars, the economy experienced growth, there was tremendous scientific development in telecommunications revolutions. This is also a period where Indian democracy came out of a testing phase of emergency with flying colours thus once and for all dispelling any doubts about the viability of Indian democracy.
Internal And External Shocks Between Mid 1960s To End Of 1980s
1.Shastri Years
| INTERNAL CHALLENGES | EXTERNAL CHALLENGES |
| One of the biggest internal challenges India faced during this time was the death of Nehru in 1964 and the resultant political vacuum. | The Chinese threat was still looming large.India has not fully recovered from the 1962 war,both psychologically and financially. |
| The issue of official language was another major challenge of this period. There were widespread protests and agitations mainly in south India over this issue. | Pakistan aggression in the Kashmir border leading to 1965 war. |
| The Indian economy faced severe slowdown and there was a balance of payments problem.However, the biggest issue was widespread food shortages. This problem was further compounded by severe droughts. | This war gave China another chance to threaten India. China’s support to Pakistan means that the possibility of a two front war loomed large. |
| The war of 1965 had severely affected the economy of India as the precious resources were diverted for war. This coupled with suspension of food aid by the USA due to war made the situation even worse. | The war also invited sanctions from the USA which suspended all food aid to India. |
2.Indira Gandhi Years
| INTERNAL CHALLENGES | EXTERNAL CHALLENGES |
| There was constant political tussle during the beginning of Indira’s reign. The infighting of congress and its split has led to the end of INC domination and mushrooming of many regional and opportunistic communal parties. | The biggest external challenge of this period was the 1971 war with Pakistan for liberation of Bangladesh. This is the third war India has fought in less than 10 years. |
| Many major internal security problems cropped up during periods. The issue of Punjab conflict, the growth of Naxalism, frequent Bandhs protests, which created a huge law and order problem. | The other issue was deterioration and a complete breakdown of the relationship between India and the USA. |
| The economy of this period is another major concern. Slow economic growth rate was further compounded by 1971 war and large scale unemployment. | The refugee crisis caused due to 1971 also created a lot of resentment among North eastern people and created severe resource crunch. |
| Imposition of a controversial emergency in 1975,which led to arrest of many leaders, suspension of civil rights and finally defeat of Indira Gandhi. | External support to Khalistan movement which might affect unity and integrity of India. |
3.The Janata Years
Three years of the Janata government did not leave a substantial mark on India. However this period saw extreme political instability, and the spread of communalism and downward slide of the economy continued.
4.Rajiv Years
| INTERNAL CHALLENGES | EXTERNAL CHALLENGES |
| The Rajiv years started with massive riots and massacres of Sikhs in Delhi, and the complaints that congress workers were among the perpetrators and allegations that he let the riots happen. This was followed by the biggest industrial disaster of India in the form of Bhopal gas leak in 1984. | The biggest forgein policy challenge faced by Rajiv was handling LTTE issues in srilanka. The withdrawal of IPKF was a major blow to India. |
| Rajiv’s years were rocked by allegations of corruption in defence deals, allegations of corruption in bureaucracy and at almost all levels of government. | The Kashmir issue also got a new dimension during this phase. Pakistan after realising it cannot win in a direct war against India has started proxy war with India, by encouraging terror elements and separatists elements. |
| India experienced one of the severest droughts of the 20th century in 1987 with nearly 25 percent of the country severely affected. | The relationship with the USA was also not repaired though it got slightly improved. USA support to Pakistan by supplying arms was not agreeable to India. |
| Though the Rajiv years experienced the largest quantum of growth seen in independent India,the economic policies behind this growth were not sound. Debt started piling up with exports declining ultimately resulting in the 1991 BoP crisis. | The border clashes with China increased in 1986 and the eastern border started to look serious again. However, Rajiv Gandhi’s visits to China after 1954 resolved the issue. |
Economic Development During These Years
1. Shastri years: Shastri continued the socialist economic policies of Nehru. However three major economic developments that changed the face of independent India were taken during his reign.
- To reduce chronic food shortages and to increase food production, the Shastri government initiated the Green revolution.
- Another major decision was to start white revolution. He established the National dairy development board to increase milk production. This program was very successful with a massive increase in milk production.
- He established the food corporation of India to deal with food shortages and to maintain buffer stocks. This organisation played a crucial role in India’s PDS system.
2. Indira years: The 14 years rule of Indira Gandhi saw many economic developments. . The Green revolution was taken up with full swing. Massive credit and HYV of seeds were to large farmers which ensured India within a decade became self-reliant in food production.
- The major economic policy of this year was nationalisation of banks and other industries like coal. The bank nationalisation has particularly proved useful for it led to credit issuance required for the green revolution.
- Indira Gandhi oversaw three five year plans, out of which two were successful in achieving their growth targets.
- The 20 point program announced during the emergency period was successful in halting economic decline, exceeding targeted growth rate.
- In Indira Gandhi’s second year populism was replaced by pragmatism. She started an operation with a cautious approach towards market reform and deregulation was taken up.
3. Rajiv Gandhi years: Rajiv years turned out to be the most remarkable in terms of economic development of India. . Rajiv Gandhi tried to liberalise the economy. He gave many incentives to private companies to increase Industrial production mainly in durable goods.
- Rajiv particularly paid attention to development of modern communication and IT technologies. He started various technology missions. He created the environment for development of the IT industry in India. His efforts resulted in creation of MTNL and PCOs which helped in development of telephone networks in rural areas.
- He took steps to reduce licence raj, and allowed businesses to purchase capital and reduced import restriction.
Apart from these headline achievements this period also saw many government schemes to reduce unemployment and improve the condition of the poor and middle class. The three year Janata rule though did not make significant contributions; it brought in food for work programs which served as a template for later such programs. The era saw India successfully battling food shortages, poverty, while trying to liberalise the economy and prepare for the technology era of the new millennium.
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Launched in 1970, Operation Flood was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer with about 17 percent of global output in 2010–11. WRead more
Launched in 1970, Operation Flood was the world’s largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India’s National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It transformed India from a milk deficient nation into the world’s largest milk producer with about 17 percent of global output in 2010–11. Within a few decades, it doubled the milk available per person in India and made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural employment generator.
Significance Of The Indian Dairy Sector
Operation Flood And The Dairy Development Board
1.The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was created in 1965, fulfilling the desire of the then prime minister of India — the late Lal Bahadur Shastri to extend the success of the Kaira Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union (Amul) to other parts of India. 2.The White Revolution or Operation Flood launched by NDDB under the leadership of Dr Verghese Kurien, based on the Anand model of cooperative dairying that preceded it, is often regarded as one of the most successful examples of Indian innovation in the 20th century. 3.Operation Flood’s objectives included:
An Effort That Brought Together Institutional, Technical And Market Innovation
Institutional Innovation
Technical Innovation
Market Innovation
Political will
Impact Of Operation Flood On Society
India is the world’s largest producer of milk, with some of the world’s smallest producers, but dairy cooperatives today thrive in only five or six states. Only around 22% of all milk produced is processed by the organized sector and most of the milk is consumed in liquid form or khoa, channa and paneer, all highly perishable. Considering the high employability of the sector we must replicate the Operation flood throughout India. Dairy is an obvious focal point for the government’s goal to double farmers’ incomes by 2022.
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