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Home/upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Arjun Sharma
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Arjun SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 6, 2024In:
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Analyze critically the tactics used by extremist leaders to foster a feeling of identity and national cohesion.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Dhirendra singh Tomar
    Dhirendra singh Tomar Begginer

    Extremist leaders use various strategies to create a strong sense of national unity and identity. Here’s a detailed look at these strategies: 1. Narrative Building Shared History: Extremist leaders often highlight specific historical events that resonate with their followers. They emphasize momentsRead more

    Extremist leaders use various strategies to create a strong sense of national unity and identity. Here’s a detailed look at these strategies:

    1. Narrative Building

    Shared History: Extremist leaders often highlight specific historical events that resonate with their followers. They emphasize moments of struggle, triumph, or victimization to create a collective memory. This narrative fosters a sense of shared experience and belonging.

    Mythologizing the Past: By creating heroic figures or mythical stories about the nation’s founding or struggles, leaders instill pride and loyalty among the population.

    2. Symbolism

    National Symbols: Leaders promote flags, anthems, and national emblems as representations of unity. These symbols serve as rallying points for people, making them feel part of a larger community.

    Rituals and Ceremonies: Public events like parades, commemorations, and festivals help reinforce a collective identity. Participation in these rituals strengthens social bonds and fosters a sense of belonging.

    3. Us vs. Them Mentality

    Creating Division: By framing outsiders or different groups as threats to national identity, leaders encourage an “us vs. them” mentality. This division can heighten feelings of loyalty and solidarity among supporters while fostering distrust or hostility towards others.

    Scapegoating: Blaming specific groups for societal problems can unify the majority against a common enemy, reinforcing national identity through opposition.

    4. Emotional Appeals

    Stirring Strong Emotions: Leaders often use powerful emotions—such as pride, fear, anger, or nostalgia—to galvanize support. Emotional speeches and propaganda can evoke strong feelings that bind people together in shared purpose.

    Personal Stories: Sharing personal or relatable stories of struggle and sacrifice can deepen emotional connections, making individuals feel part of a larger narrative.

    5. Propaganda and Media Control
    Information Control: Extremist leaders may manipulate media narratives to shape public perception. They often use state-controlled media or social media campaigns to spread their version of events, reinforcing their ideology.

    Misinformation: Spreading false information about enemies or the state of the nation can unify followers under a shared belief or fear, making them more susceptible to the leader’s message.

    6. Charismatic Leadership

    Cult of Personality: Charismatic leaders often become the face of national identity. Their personal stories and traits can inspire loyalty, making followers feel they are part of a movement led by a strong figure.

    Direct Engagement: Leaders who engage directly with their followers through rallies, speeches, or social media can create a personal connection, making individuals feel valued and part of a community.

    7. Institutional Support

    Building Organizations: Creating organizations that promote national unity—like youth groups, cultural clubs, or political movements—can strengthen identity. These groups often reinforce the leader’s message and provide a platform for collective action.

    Education and Indoctrination: Promoting a specific national curriculum in schools that emphasizes the leader’s ideology can shape young minds and create a lasting sense of identity.

    8. Crisis Utilization

    Exploiting Crises: Leaders often take advantage of economic downturns, social unrest, or external threats to rally support. They position themselves as the solution to these crises, reinforcing their role as protectors of the nation.

    Conclusion

    While these strategies can effectively create a sense of national unity and identity among supporters, they can also lead to increased polarization, discrimination, and conflict. The “us vs. them” mentality often fosters division and hostility, undermining social cohesion in diverse societies. It’s essential to critically analyze these strategies to understand their impacts on society as a whole.

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Shivam tiwari
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Shivam tiwariLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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The popular mass character of the Swadeshi movement was short-lived by mid-1908.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Sandeep Kumar Singh
    Sandeep Kumar Singh Begginer

    The period of Swadeshi movement, which began in 1905 amidst partition of Bengal and lasted for several years, was an important part of India's fight for independence. The objective was to avoid British products and encourage the use of Indian goods to develop a self-sufficient economy. The SwadeshiRead more

    The period of Swadeshi movement, which began in 1905 amidst partition of Bengal and lasted for several years, was an important part of India’s fight for independence. The objective was to avoid British products and encourage the use of Indian goods to develop a self-sufficient economy.

    The Swadeshi movement lost momentum due to severe government repression, as the British government used brutal force to suppress the protests. The authorities apprehended numerous officials, placed limits on public assemblies, and passed legislation to quash nationalist efforts.

    The Swadeshi movement suffered from poor organisation and lack of discipline. The absence of strong leadership in the movement resulted in inconsistencies in direction, causing confusion among the population. There was a division within Nationalist ranks as the Swadeshi movement split into two groups – the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates supported peaceful demonstrations and step-by-step changes, while the Extremists pushed for more extreme actions, such as violent demonstrations. The division hindered the effectiveness of the movement, which the British government exploited.

    Limited support among the masses: The Swadeshi movement had a narrow social base. The movement received its main support from the middle class and intellectuals, with little participation from the peasants, workers, and rural residents.

    Crusade without a leader: The movement did not have a charismatic leader to motivate and bring together the people. The movement struggled to maintain its momentum as it lacked a leader, causing it to eventually lose its appeal.

    Students were removed from public schools and colleges during prohibited public gatherings and processions. The media was placed under strict regulations. Police used it for dispersing public gatherings and assemblies.
    During the Surat session in 1907, the Congress divided, causing additional harm to the Swadeshi movement.

    The leaders of the movement, such as Ashwini Kumar Dutt, Krishna Kumar Mitra, Lokmanya Tilak, Ajit Singh, Lajpat Rai, Chidambaram Pillai, were swiftly targeted by the government, resulting in the movement becoming leaderless. Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh stepped down from politics together.

    However, it is important to note that no mass movement can maintain a constant pace indefinitely without breaks, especially when encountering strong opposition, and this applies to the Swadeshi and boycott movements as well.

     

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Manoj Singh
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Manoj SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
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Discuss the implications of the Indian National Congress’s Surat Split on the national movement, highlighting the causes that led up to it. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Kalpna Mehara
    Kalpna Mehara Learner

    The Surat Split of the Indian National Congress in 1907 into Moderate and Extremist factions took place in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal. Around that time, the country was in the grip of the Swadeshi and Boycott movements against the British government, and militant nationalism was on theRead more

    The Surat Split of the Indian National Congress in 1907 into Moderate and Extremist factions took place in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal. Around that time, the country was in the grip of the Swadeshi and Boycott movements against the British government, and militant nationalism was on the rise.

    The various factors leading to the Split include:

    • Disagreement over the extension of the Swadeshi and Boycott movements: The Extremists did not subscribe to the methods of the Moderate leaders, which they thought bore no results. They believed in the capacity of the masses and wanted to extend the movements all across India to overthrow the British government. However, the Moderate leadership wanted to keep the movements localised due to the fear of reprisals.
    • Issue of Swaraj: Despite their agreement on the negative consequences of the British rule over India and the need for self-government (Swaraj), the Moderates were reluctant to declare it as the goal of the Congress, which increased the frustration of the Extremists.
    • Tussle over the Presidentship of the Congress: The Extremists wanted Tilak or Lala Lajpat Rai to be the President of the Congress whereas the Moderates wanted Rash Behari Ghose as the President.
    • British policy of divide and rule: The Extremists were severely repressed by the British government while the Moderates were placated through concessions. For instance, the government offered reforms in the Legislative Councils and in the beginning of 1906, it discussed them with the Moderates even when a vigorous popular movement was going on.

    The Split of 1907 dealt a blow to the Congress and India’s freedom struggle. Its consequences were the following:

    • Loss of public support: The Moderates lost support in the eyes of the politically conscious and educated Indians who were more sympathetic to the views of the Extremists. With the passing of time, the Moderate group turned into a small coterie.
    • Loss of momentum in the nationalist movements: In the absence of popular leaders like Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai etc., the Extremists were unable to create an alternative party, the Swadeshi and Boycott movements lost their leg, and by 1908, the nationalist movement as a whole declined.
    • Victory for the British: The Moderates gave up the radical agendas adopted at previous sessions of the Congress at Banaras and Calcutta. To placate the Moderates, the British brought in the Morley-Minto reforms in 1909, which were more of an eyewash and with its separate electorate provisions, sowed the seeds of India’s partition.
    • Rise of revolutionary terrorism: The Split left the national movement leaderless and directionless for quite some time paving the way for the first phase of revolutionary terrorism.

    However, Indian leadership learnt from its mistakes and when a similar situation arose in 1924 with respect to the Swarajists and in 1936 between Nehru and Leftists, they remained united against the British despite their differences.

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Manju Basain
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Manju BasainBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
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It is thought that radical activity and the Home Rule Movement paved the way for Gandhiji to lead the liberation movement in a new era. Remark

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Extremists and the Home Rule Movement play a part in the development of Gandhian leadership. India's struggle for independence has owes much to the Extremist movement as well as the Home Rule Movement. This has provided Mahatma Gandhi the stage to step forward as the front-runner of the campaign. BoRead more

    Extremists and the Home Rule Movement play a part in the development of Gandhian leadership.

    India’s struggle for independence has owes much to the Extremist movement as well as the Home Rule Movement. This has provided Mahatma Gandhi the stage to step forward as the front-runner of the campaign. Both these movements have given a nationalism, a large participation, and ambitions of self-rule, which subsequently fit with Gandhian principles of nonviolent resistance.

    Contribution of Extremists:
    From moderation to aggressive nationalism:
    These leaders, called Lal-Bal-Pal, namely Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, turned down petitions and prayers in favor of “Swaraj” or regional autonomy by means of organization and direct action.
    The catchphrase, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I will have it," introduced a fresh type of revolutionaries to society.

    Nationalism was related to India’s cultural and religious identities; Extremists used events like Ganapati Utsav and Shivaji Jayanti as venues for disseminating patriotic passion.

    Readied masses for the approaching battles.
    Gandhi’s work started with the partition of Bengal (1905), which sparked the boycott and Swadeshi movements that eventually hardened into economic resistance movements.

    Effects of the Home Rule Movement (1916-1918)
    1. Desire for self-government:
    Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started it. They clamored for “Swaraj” in the British context and also started to promote self-governance.

    2. Political awareness expanding everywhere across the nation:
    The movement formed Home Rule Leagues all across India, therefore involving ordinary people in political conversations.

    3. Effect on Gandhiji’s processes:
    Gandhi’s strategy for mass mobilization in the Non-Cooperation Movement rested largely on the emphasis on mass participation, organization of local bodies, and use of public forums.

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Jatin Khanna
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Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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Examine the connection between Gandhi’s and the Congress’s larger nonviolent civil disobedience operations and the violent nationalist movement.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    The connection between Gandhi's and the Indian National Congress's larger nonviolent civil disobedience operations and the violent nationalist movement in India is a complex and nuanced one. Here are some key points to consider: Shared goal of independence: Both the nonviolent civil disobedience movRead more

    The connection between Gandhi’s and the Indian National Congress’s larger nonviolent civil disobedience operations and the violent nationalist movement in India is a complex and nuanced one. Here are some key points to consider:

    1. Shared goal of independence: Both the nonviolent civil disobedience movement led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, as well as the violent nationalist movement, shared the common goal of achieving independence from British colonial rule. This overarching objective was a unifying force, despite the divergent approaches.
    2. Complementary roles: While Gandhi and the Congress espoused nonviolent civil disobedience as the primary tactic, the violent nationalist movement played a complementary role in putting additional pressure on the British and keeping the independence struggle at the forefront of public consciousness.
    3. Radicalization of the movement: The failure of repeated nonviolent campaigns to achieve immediate results, combined with the British government’s harsh crackdown on civil disobedience, contributed to the radicalization of some segments of the nationalist movement. This led to the rise of more militant, violent groups and individuals.
    4. Differing philosophies and strategies: Gandhi and the Congress believed in non-violence as a moral and strategic imperative, whereas the violent nationalist movement saw armed struggle as a necessary means to achieve independence. This ideological divide created tensions within the broader independence movement.
    5. Relationship dynamics: While the nonviolent and violent strands of the nationalist movement were distinct, there were instances of cooperation and overlap. Some individuals and groups transitioned between the two approaches, depending on the political circumstances and perceived efficacy of each approach.
    6. British response: The British authorities often conflated the nonviolent and violent elements of the independence movement, using the threat of militant nationalism to justify the harsh suppression of even the peaceful civil disobedience campaigns.

    It is important to note that the relationship between the nonviolent and violent nationalist movements was not one of simple opposition or antagonism. Instead, it was a complex, dynamic, and evolving relationship, where the two strands of the independence struggle coexisted, sometimes in tension, and at other times, in a more symbiotic manner.

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Jatin Khanna
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Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Consider how the First World War affected the militant nationalist movement by posing new obstacles and opportunities.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    Here is the answer to the question for UPSC Mains aspirants, with the key points and headings bolded: Role of the First World War in Providing New Opportunities for the Militant Nationalist Movement: Weakening of the British Empire: The First World War significantly weakened the British Empire, bothRead more

    Here is the answer to the question for UPSC Mains aspirants, with the key points and headings bolded:

    Role of the First World War in Providing New Opportunities for the Militant Nationalist Movement:

    1. Weakening of the British Empire: The First World War significantly weakened the British Empire, both financially and militarily. This provided an opportunity for the militant nationalist movement to capitalize on Britain’s vulnerability and intensify their struggle for independence.
      Recent example: The ongoing protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in India, which have been fueled by the government’s perceived weakening of democratic institutions and the rule of law.
    2. Increased Mobilization of the Indian Masses: The First World War led to an increased mobilization of the Indian masses, as the British government sought to recruit more soldiers and raise resources for the war effort. This provided the militant nationalist movement with a larger pool of potential supporters and recruits.
      Recent example: The farmers’ protests in India, which have seen the participation of a large number of farmers and rural communities, reflecting the increased mobilization of the Indian masses.
    3. Radicalization of the Nationalist Sentiment: The First World War also led to the radicalization of the nationalist sentiment, as the promises of self-governance and greater autonomy made by the British government during the war were not fulfilled in the aftermath. This fueled the growth of the militant nationalist movement.
      Recent example: The rise of Hindu nationalist movements in India, which have adopted a more radical and confrontational approach to the nationalist struggle, as seen in the ongoing debates over the CAA and the NRC.

    Challenges Faced by the Militant Nationalist Movement:

    1. Increased Repression by the British Authorities: The First World War also led to increased repression by the British authorities, who sought to quell any form of dissent or challenge to their rule. This presented a significant challenge to the militant nationalist movement.
      Recent example: The government’s use of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and other laws to crackdown on civil society organizations and activists, which has been criticized by human rights organizations as a violation of democratic principles.
    2. Divisions within the Nationalist Movement: The First World War also led to the emergence of divisions within the nationalist movement, as some factions were willing to collaborate with the British government in exchange for concessions, while others remained committed to the goal of complete independence.
      Recent example: The ongoing tensions between the different factions of the Indian National Congress, as well as the emergence of regional and ideological political parties, which have posed challenges to the unity of the nationalist movement.
    3. International Geopolitical Factors: The First World War also introduced new international geopolitical factors that influenced the dynamics of the nationalist movement, as the British government sought to leverage its alliances and relationships with other powers to maintain its control over India.
      Recent example: The ongoing geopolitical tensions between India and China, which have had implications for the country’s domestic political landscape and the nationalist movement.

    Overall, the First World War provided both new opportunities and challenges for the militant nationalist movement in India, leading to a complex and evolving landscape that continues to shape the country’s political and social dynamics

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Jatin Khanna
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Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Talk about the tactics that the revolutionaries used, such as armed uprisings, bomb attacks, and political assassinations.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    The Indian independence movement, which spanned from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century, was marked by diverse strategies employed by revolutionaries to achieve their goal of freedom from British colonial rule. Key among these strategies were bomb attacks, political assassinations, and aRead more

    The Indian independence movement, which spanned from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century, was marked by diverse strategies employed by revolutionaries to achieve their goal of freedom from British colonial rule. Key among these strategies were bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings.

    Bomb Attacks:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian revolutionary movement, inspired by the Russian Revolution, saw the use of bomb attacks as a means to target British colonial authorities. Notable examples include the Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) and the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929).
    • Recent Examples:
      • Bhima Koregaon Violence (2017): A group of Dalit activists, including intellectuals and artists, were attacked in Bhima Koregaon, Maharashtra, leading to allegations of violence and conspiracy.
      • Gauri Lankesh Assassination (2017): Gauri Lankesh, a journalist and activist, was assassinated in Bengaluru, Karnataka, allegedly by a group of Hindu extremists.

    Political Assassinations:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian National Army (INA) and other extremist groups targeted British officials and collaborators in India. Notable examples include the Assassination of Sir Charles Cleveland (1915) and the Assassination of Lord Hardinge (1912).
    • Recent Examples:
      • M.M. Kalburgi Assassination (2015): M.M. Kalburgi, a historian and critic of Hindutva ideology, was assassinated in Dharwad, Karnataka.
      • Gyanendra Pandey Assassination Attempt (2019): Gyanendra Pandey, a historian and critic of Hindutva ideology, was attacked in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

    Armed Uprisings:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian National Army (INA) and other extremist groups launched armed uprisings against British colonial rule. Notable examples include the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Chittagong Uprising (1930).
    • Recent Examples:
      • Naxalite Insurgency: The Naxalite movement, a communist-inspired insurgency, has been active in various parts of India since the 1960s.
      • Kashmir Insurgency: The Kashmir insurgency has been ongoing since the 1990s, with various militant groups fighting against Indian rule.

    Key Points:

    • Diverse Strategies: Revolutionaries employed diverse strategies to achieve their goal of independence, including bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings.
    • Contextual Significance: Each strategy was used in response to specific historical contexts and events.
    • Recent Examples: The use of bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings continues to be a feature of contemporary Indian politics.
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Jayant Gaikwad
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Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine how the Home Rule Movement and the Morley-Minto Reforms influenced the political environment and the nationalist reaction.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms: The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, aimed to address the growing nationalist movement in India by making some concessions to the Indian people. The reforms were significant because they: Introduced the concept of separate electorates: The reforms iRead more

    Significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms:

    The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, aimed to address the growing nationalist movement in India by making some concessions to the Indian people. The reforms were significant because they:

    • Introduced the concept of separate electorates: The reforms introduced separate electorates for Muslims, which led to the creation of a Muslim minority community that was distinct from the rest of Indian society.
    • Expanded the franchise: The reforms expanded the franchise, allowing more Indians to participate in the electoral process.
    • Created a new system of provincial government: The reforms created a new system of provincial government, giving more autonomy to Indian provinces.

    Impact on Nationalist Movement:

    The Morley-Minto Reforms had a significant impact on the nationalist movement:

    • Increased nationalist sentiment: The reforms increased nationalist sentiment, as Indians felt that they were not being treated as equals by the British government.
    • Growing discontent among moderates: The reforms created growing discontent among moderates, who felt that the British government was not making sufficient concessions to India.
    • Rise of extremism: The reforms led to the rise of extremism, as some Indians began to question the morality of non-cooperation and turned to more radical methods.

    The Home Rule Movement:

    The Home Rule Movement, led by Tilak and Annie Besant, emerged in response to the Morley-Minto Reforms. The movement aimed to:

    • Demand complete self-government: The movement demanded complete self-government for India, rather than just limited autonomy.
    • Conduct mass mobilization: The movement conducted mass mobilization, using various forms of protest and demonstration to put pressure on the British government.

    Key Points:

    • The Morley-Minto Reforms marked a significant turning point in Indian history: The reforms introduced new concepts and systems that had far-reaching implications for Indian politics and society.
    • The Home Rule Movement was a response to the Morley-Minto Reforms: The movement emerged as a result of the growing discontent among Indians with the British government’s treatment of India.
    • The Home Rule Movement marked a shift towards more radical methods: The movement marked a shift towards more radical methods, as some Indians began to question the morality of non-cooperation and turned to more extreme methods.
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Jayant Gaikwad
  • 1
Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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In the violent struggle against colonial rule, talk about the role played by revolutionary groups like the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Role of Revolutionary Organizations in Armed Struggle The Indian freedom movement witnessed the rise of several revolutionary organizations that played a crucial role in the armed struggle against colonial rule. Two prominent examples are the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican ARead more

    Role of Revolutionary Organizations in Armed Struggle

    The Indian freedom movement witnessed the rise of several revolutionary organizations that played a crucial role in the armed struggle against colonial rule.

    Two prominent examples are the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

    Anushilan Samiti:

    Established in 1906 by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, the Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through armed struggle. The organization was responsible for several notable acts of terrorism, including the assassination of Sir Andrew Fraser, a British governor, and the murder of British officials and planters. The Samiti’s ideology was influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and the writings of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

    Key Points:

    • Radical Ideology: The Anushilan Samiti was characterized by its radical ideology, which emphasized the use of violence and terrorism to achieve independence.
    • Notable Members: The organization had several notable members, including Bhupendra Nath Datta, who was a key figure in the movement.
    • Armed Activities: The Samiti was involved in several armed activities, including assassinations and bombings.

    Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA):

    Founded in 1928 by Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, the HSRA was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through armed struggle. The organization was responsible for several notable acts of terrorism, including the assassination of British officials and the bombing of government buildings.

    Key Points:

    • Radical Ideology: The HSRA was characterized by its radical ideology, which emphasized the need for revolution and violence to achieve independence.
    • Notable Members: The organization had several notable members, including Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev, who were executed for their involvement in revolutionary activities.
    • Armed Activities: The HSRA was involved in several armed activities, including assassinations and bombings.

    Recent Examples:

    In recent years, there have been several instances of militant activism in India, often linked to separatist movements or demands for greater autonomy. For example:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which originated in the 1960s, has continued to evolve over the years, with groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist) engaging in armed struggle against the government.
    • Kashmir Insurgency: The Kashmir insurgency has seen several instances of militant activity, including attacks on security forces and civilians.

    Key Points:

    • Continuing Legacy: The legacy of revolutionary organizations like the Anushilan Samiti and HSRA continues to influence militant activism in India.
    • Complex Issues: The causes of militant activism are often complex and multifaceted, involving issues like poverty, inequality, and political marginalization.
    • Government Response: The government’s response to militant activism has often been characterized by a mix of military action and attempts at dialogue and reconciliation.
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Nyla Agarwal
  • 1
Nyla AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the elements that contributed to the radicalization of the nationalist movement and the formation of militant and revolutionary factions.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Factors Leading to the Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement The nationalist movement in India underwent a significant transformation in the early 20th century, marked by the emergence of militant and revolutionary strands. This radicalization was influenced by several factors, including: BritiRead more

    Factors Leading to the Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement

    The nationalist movement in India underwent a significant transformation in the early 20th century, marked by the emergence of militant and revolutionary strands. This radicalization was influenced by several factors, including:

    British Colonial Policies and Repression

    • Raj Dharma: The British colonial government’s emphasis on maintaining law and order (Raj Dharma) led to increased repression and brutality against Indians, fueling resentment and anger.
    • Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act (1919) suspended civil liberties, allowing for mass arrests and detention without trial. This led to widespread protests and disillusionment with the British system.
    • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) in which British forces killed hundreds of unarmed civilians, further eroded trust and led to increased militancy.

    Economic Discontent and Inequality

    • Economic Inequality: The British colonial economy was based on exploitation, with Indian resources being extracted for British benefit. This led to widespread poverty, inequality, and economic discontent.
    • Industrialization: The introduction of industrialization in India led to the displacement of traditional artisans and workers, creating social unrest and economic discontent.

    Ideological Influences and Propaganda

    • Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) emphasized the importance of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. This inspired a new wave of activism and radicalization.
    • Communist Influence: The spread of communism in India, particularly among the working class and peasants, influenced the nationalist movement’s shift towards more radical and revolutionary ideologies.
    • Nationalist Propaganda: Newspapers like Kesari (Tilak’s newspaper) and The Arya (Aurobindo’s magazine) played a crucial role in spreading nationalist propaganda and mobilizing public support for the movement.

    Leadership and Organization

    • Radical Leaders: Leaders like Tilak, Aurobindo, and Bhagat Singh were influential in shaping the militant and revolutionary strands of the nationalist movement.
    • Organizational Structure: The establishment of organizations like the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) provided a framework for coordination and planning among militant nationalists.

    Recent Examples:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which emerged in the 1960s, is a contemporary example of radicalized nationalism. The movement seeks to overthrow the Indian state and establish a socialist society.
    • Maoist Influence: The influence of Maoist ideology can be seen in the Naxalite movement’s emphasis on armed struggle and rural rebellion.
    • Cyber Activism: The rise of social media has enabled new forms of activism, including online campaigns and digital protests. This has allowed radicalized nationalist groups to reach wider audiences and mobilize support.
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On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

Indo-US Relation: Areas of Cooperation & Conflicts

Key Areas: Defense, technology, trade, energy, and regional cooperation. Key Areas of Cooperation 1. Defense and Security Transition from buyer-seller to co-production and technology sharing. India as a Major Defense Partner (MDP) and inclusion in STA-1. Access to advanced technologies, ...

On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

भारत-अमेरिका संबंध: सहयोग और संघर्ष के क्षेत्र

मुख्य विषय: भारत-अमेरिका संबंधों की मजबूती, विशेषकर रक्षा, प्रौद्योगिकी और क्षेत्रीय सहयोग में प्रगति। सहयोग के प्रमुख क्षेत्र 1. रक्षा एवं सुरक्षा सहयोग भारत और अमेरिका के बीच रक्षा संबंधों का विस्तार। प्रमुख रक्षा साझेदार (MDP) का दर्जा और STA-1 ...

On: February 22, 2025 Comments: 0

India’s Disaster Management

The article discusses the growing tensions between the Centre and states regarding disaster relief funding in India. It emphasizes the need for a transparent and equitable disaster management framework. Key Disaster Threats India Faces Increasing Frequency of Extreme Weather Events ...

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