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Home/upsc: geomorphology

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Pranjal shekh
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Pranjal shekhBegginer
Asked: June 25, 2024In:
  • 1

Talk about the ecological and economic importance of lakes after providing a brief history of the lakes created by Earth’s movement. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. John Masangula
    John Masangula Begginer
    Giving a brief account of the lakes formed due to Earth's movement, discuss the economic and ecological significance of lakes.

    Economic and Ecological significance of lakes.

    Economic and Ecological significance of lakes.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 9, 2024In:
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Give an explanation of the mantle plume’s function in plate tectonics. (Word count: 150) [2018 UPSC]

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Tejas Iyer
    Tejas Iyer Begginer

    Definition and Role of Mantle Plume in Plate Tectonics Definition: A mantle plume is a localized column of hot, buoyant material that rises from deep within the Earth's mantle. This plume is believed to originate near the core-mantle boundary and ascends through the mantle due to its lower density cRead more

    Definition and Role of Mantle Plume in Plate Tectonics

    Definition: A mantle plume is a localized column of hot, buoyant material that rises from deep within the Earth’s mantle. This plume is believed to originate near the core-mantle boundary and ascends through the mantle due to its lower density compared to the surrounding rocks.

    Role in Plate Tectonics:

    1. Volcanic Activity:
      • “Hotspots”: Mantle plumes create volcanic hotspots by melting the Earth’s crust as they rise. This leads to the formation of volcanic islands and chains, such as the “Hawaiian Islands”, which are situated over a stationary hotspot while the Pacific Plate moves over it.
    2. Plate Movement:
      • “Mantle Dynamics”: The heat from mantle plumes can influence mantle convection currents, which play a crucial role in driving the movement of tectonic plates. For instance, the “Iceland Plume” contributes to the volcanic activity along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, affecting the plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plates.

    Mantle plumes, therefore, significantly impact volcanic activity and influence tectonic plate movements by contributing to mantle convection and creating hotspot volcanoes.

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Irfan Ahamad
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Irfan AhamadBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
  • 1

Endogenic forces: what are they? Describe their sorts and how they contributed to the formation of the different landforms on Earth.

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Endogenic forces are internal geological processes originating from within the earth's interior including tectonic, volcanic, plutonic, geothermal and isostatic activities that shape the planet's surface and create landforms. Types of Endogenic forces - Tectonic forces are internal forces that moveRead more

    Endogenic forces are internal geological processes originating from within the earth’s interior including tectonic, volcanic, plutonic, geothermal and isostatic activities that shape the planet’s surface and create landforms.

    Types of Endogenic forces –

    1. Tectonic forces are internal forces that move and deform Earth’s crust, causing earthquakes, volcanism and mountain building through plate movement.
    2. Volcanic forces are internal forces that drive magma and gas upward, causing eruptions, forming volcanic landforms and shaping Earth’s surface.
    3. Plutonic forces are internal forces that intrude and emplace molten rock (magma) into Earth’s crust, forming igneous rocks underground.
    4. Geothermal forces are internal forces driving earth’s heat flow, powering geysers, hot springs and fumaroles, shaping terrain through thermal activity.
    5. Isostatic forces are internal forces that adjust earth’s crust to balance weight and density changes causing uplift, subsidence or stability.

    Role in forming landforms –

    1. Shape mountains through tectonic plate collisions, volcanic activity and crustal thickening, forming fold, block and volcanic mountains.
    2. Create volcanic landforms through magma rise, eruption and deposition, forming shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, calderas and lava plateaus.
    3. Form plutonic landforms through magma intrusion, cooling and solidification, creating granite domes, batholiths, laccoliths and diorite intrusions.
    4. Power geothermal features by driving heat and fluids to surface, forming hot springs, geysers, fumaroles and hydrothermal veins.
    5. Drive isostatic adjustments by rebalancing earth’s crust after loading/unloading, causing uplift, subsidence or stability through buoyancy and flexure.

     

    Endogenic forces which shape earth’s interior and surface have many practical uses including generating clean energy, finding minerals, predicting natural disasters and understanding earth’s history benefiting various industries and communities.

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Abhishek Singh
  • 3
Abhishek SinghBegginer
Asked: July 8, 2024In:
  • 3

Discuss the role of plate tectonics in shaping the major landforms of the Indian subcontinent, providing specific examples such as the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the Western Ghats. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. unmana M
    unmana M

    Plate tectonics is a scientific theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 as the Continental Drift theory. This explains the mechanism of the evolution, nature, and motion of rigid and solid crustal layers of the earth, known as plates, which influence the geological process. These plates interact aRead more

    Plate tectonics is a scientific theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 as the Continental Drift theory. This explains the mechanism of the evolution, nature, and motion of rigid and solid crustal layers of the earth, known as plates, which influence the geological process. These plates interact at boundaries—divergent, convergent, and transform—where significant geological activity occurs.

    In the context of the Indian subcontinent, plate tectonics has played a vital role in shaping its diverse landforms like the Himalayan, Indo-Gangetic plain, western ghats, etc.

    1. Himalayan Mountain The Himalayan mountain range is a folded mountain system shaped by the ongoing collision of the Indian and Eurasian lithospheric plates. This geological process began approximately millions of years ago during the Cretaceous period, when the Indian plate separated from Gondwana and began drifting northward. As the Indian plate moved towards the Eurasian plate, it began to sink below the Eurasian plate in the ancient Tethys Sea. This subduction led to the uplift of the sedimentary floor of the Tethys Sea due to giant pressure and sedimentation.

    The northward movement of the Indian plate led to increasing both pressure and sedimentation. The Immense pressure and heat generated by this collision caused the lower layers of the Eurasian plate to melt, resulting in magma rising upwards. This molten material then solidified to form the parallel ranges of the Himalayan mountain chain.

    Himalayan mountains are a direct consequence of the convergent boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates, where the collision, subduction, and subsequent geological processes over millions of years have shaped this iconic fold mountain range.

    2. During the upliftment of the Himalayan, a continuous collision between Indo and Eurasian plates resulted in trouble in the Himalayan and the formation of a deep synclinal depression between the Himalayas and the Indian peninsula.
    Through this basin, rivers originating from the Himalayas, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and their tributaries, carried lots of sediments due to precipitation and erosive forces of glaciation and deposited them into the basin over millions of years and this sedimentation gradually filled the depression. Which lead to the formation of the Great Gangetic Plain.
    Tectonic interactions between the Indian and Eurasian Plates not only shaped the Himalayan ranges but also promoted the aggregation of fertile alluvial soils in the Gangetic plains.

    3. Western Ghats continuous chain of blocked mountains. Western ghats were formed around 200 to 150 million years ago during the breakup of the supercontinent of Gondwana, during this Indian subcontinent separated from Gondwana supercontinent, At that time the southern part of now India was much larger. Around 100 to 80 million years ago due to plate tectonic movements rift valley was formed In the western part of this plateau and subducted in the Arabian Sea, the Eastern part of this rift rotated slightly and left the edge as a mountain named Western Ghats which is known as escarpment of India because of its stiff slope on the western side and gentle slope on east.

    In summary, plate tectonics, as explained by Alfred Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift, has a significant impact on Earth’s geological features in the Indian subcontinent. The Indian and Eurasian Plates are continuously colliding, subducting, and moving, leading to the formation of the famous Himalayan mountains. This process has also contributed to the creation of the Great Gangetic Plain and the Western Ghats. These changes have occurred over millions of years, resulting in various landforms and rich soil deposits. This demonstrates how plate tectonics has greatly influenced the geography of the Indian subcontinent.

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Akash Patel
  • 0
Akash PatelBegginer
Asked: September 20, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how weathering and erosion have shaped coastal areas and river valleys.

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Aadhav Sharma
    Aadhav Sharma Enthusiast

    Role of Weathering and Erosion in Shaping River Valleys and Coastal Regions Weathering and erosion are fundamental processes in landscape formation. While weathering breaks down rocks and minerals in place, erosion transports these materials, reshaping the Earth's surface. Together, they play a critRead more

    Role of Weathering and Erosion in Shaping River Valleys and Coastal Regions

    Weathering and erosion are fundamental processes in landscape formation. While weathering breaks down rocks and minerals in place, erosion transports these materials, reshaping the Earth’s surface. Together, they play a critical role in the development of river valleys and coastal regions.

    1. Formation of River Valleys

    Fluvial erosion and weathering shape river valleys over millions of years. Rivers erode their channels through hydraulic action, abrasion, and solution. In their upper courses, rivers erode vertically, forming V-shaped valleys. An example is the Chenab River valley in the Himalayas, where steep, narrow valleys have been formed by vertical erosion.

    As rivers move downstream, lateral erosion becomes dominant, widening valleys and forming floodplains. For instance, the Ganga River valley is shaped by centuries of erosion, deposition, and weathering, creating a fertile alluvial plain that supports intensive agriculture.

    2. Coastal Erosion and Weathering

    Coastal regions are constantly reshaped by wave action, tidal forces, and weathering. Mechanical weathering like salt crystallization and hydraulic action weaken coastal cliffs, while abrasion by waves wears down rocks.

    A prime example is the Dorset Coast in the UK, where erosion has created features like arches (e.g., Durdle Door) and stacks (e.g., Old Harry Rocks). Similarly, in India, the Konkan coast is subject to continuous coastal erosion, resulting in shifting shorelines and altered ecosystems.

    3. Weathering in River Systems

    In river valleys, chemical weathering dissolves minerals, contributing to the breakdown of rocks. For example, in the Western Ghats, monsoonal rains accelerate chemical weathering, enriching river systems like the Krishna and Godavari with sediments. These processes also lead to the formation of alluvial soils, essential for agriculture in regions like the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

    4. Impact on Coastal Ecosystems

    Weathering and erosion also affect coastal ecosystems by altering habitats. The Sundarbans delta, formed by the Ganga-Brahmaputra rivers, is a dynamic region where erosion constantly reshapes the landscape, impacting mangrove forests and the wildlife that depends on them. Rising sea levels and increased coastal erosion pose significant risks to these fragile ecosystems.

    Conclusion

    Weathering and erosion are critical in shaping both river valleys and coastal regions. They influence the development of landscapes, ecosystems, and human settlements. While they create fertile plains and natural harbors, these processes also pose challenges such as land degradation and coastal vulnerability, especially in the context of climate change and rising sea levels. Effective management and mitigation strategies are essential to reduce the adverse impacts on human populations and ecosystems.

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Akash Patel
  • 0
Akash PatelBegginer
Asked: September 20, 2024In:
  • 0

In what ways does geomorphology influence urban land-use planning and environmental regulations?

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Aadhav Sharma
    Aadhav Sharma Enthusiast

    Geomorphology plays a vital role in shaping environmental policies and guiding land-use planning in urban areas. By understanding the physical landscape, planners and policymakers can make informed decisions that mitigate risks, enhance sustainability, and optimize land use. 1. Understanding NaturalRead more

    Geomorphology plays a vital role in shaping environmental policies and guiding land-use planning in urban areas. By understanding the physical landscape, planners and policymakers can make informed decisions that mitigate risks, enhance sustainability, and optimize land use.

    1. Understanding Natural Hazards

    Geomorphological studies provide insights into natural hazards such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Identifying vulnerable areas helps in formulating policies that prioritize disaster risk reduction.

    For example, in California, urban planners use geomorphological data to assess flood risks associated with riverbanks and coastal areas. The 2017 Santa Barbara mudslides demonstrated the importance of such assessments, leading to stricter zoning regulations in landslide-prone regions.

    2. Groundwater Management

    Geomorphology informs groundwater management strategies by identifying aquifer locations and recharge areas. Understanding the interactions between surface water and groundwater systems is crucial for sustainable water use.

    In Ahmedabad, India, planners have integrated geomorphological studies to protect recharge zones and manage urban expansion. This is essential for maintaining groundwater levels in a rapidly urbanizing city, particularly during drought periods.

    3. Soil Stability and Land Suitability

    Assessing soil types and stability through geomorphological analysis is critical for determining land suitability for construction and agriculture. Areas with unstable soils are often deemed unsuitable for heavy construction.

    The 2010 earthquake in Haiti underscored the need for robust land-use policies based on geomorphological assessments. Urban planning efforts in the aftermath emphasized avoiding construction in vulnerable zones and adopting building codes suited to local geological conditions.

    4. Environmental Sustainability

    Geomorphological insights help promote sustainable land use by identifying areas suitable for conservation, recreation, and development. Recognizing the relationship between landforms and ecosystems allows for the preservation of natural resources.

    For instance, the Green Infrastructure Initiative in New York City incorporates geomorphological principles to enhance stormwater management and promote urban biodiversity. Strategies such as creating green roofs and restoring wetlands are informed by an understanding of local topography and hydrology.

    5. Infrastructure Development and Maintenance

    Geomorphology is essential for planning infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and drainage systems. By analyzing landforms and sediment transport, planners can design resilient infrastructure that minimizes environmental impact.

    The River Thames flood management plan in London incorporates geomorphological assessments to design effective flood defenses. After severe flooding events, planners have utilized geomorphological data to retrofit and adapt infrastructure to handle increased rainfall and rising sea levels.

    6. Climate Change Adaptation

    As climate change poses new challenges, geomorphology aids in developing adaptive strategies for urban planning. Understanding how landscapes respond to climate variability informs policies for resilient urban development.

    In cities like Miami, where rising sea levels threaten urban areas, geomorphological studies are guiding the implementation of adaptive measures such as building seawalls and restoring natural wetlands to buffer against coastal flooding.

    Conclusion

    Geomorphology is instrumental in shaping environmental policies and guiding land-use planning in urban areas. By providing critical insights into natural hazards, groundwater management, soil stability, and sustainable practices, geomorphology helps create resilient and environmentally responsible urban environments. Integrating these insights into policy-making is essential for addressing the complex challenges posed by urbanization and climate change.

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Ritu tyagi
  • 0
Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
  • 0

Distinguish between exogenic and endogenic processes involved in geomorphology. Stress the importance of weathering as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Tanu Singh
    Tanu Singh Learner

    Answer: The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes. While, diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes, weathering,Read more

    Answer: The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes. While, diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes, weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. The differences between the two processes are as follows:

    Parameter Endogenic Processes Exogenic Processes
    Location Inside the surface of the Earth. Outside the surface of the Earth.
    Driving Forces The energy emanating from within the earth, mostly by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction, and primordial heat from the origin of the earth, is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. The exogenic processes derive their energy from the atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the sun and also the gradients created by tectonic factors.
    Effects The energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Gravitational force acts upon all earth materials having a sloping surface and tends to produce movement of matter in a downslope direction.
    Nature Constructive forces as they create relief features on the surface of the Earth. Destructive forces result in destruction via weathering, denudation, and erosional processes.
    Examples Earthquakes, Volcanoes, etc. Wind, Rivers, Glaciers, etc.

    Significance of Weathering: Weathering is the action of elements of weather and climate over the earth’s materials. There are a number of processes within weathering that act either individually or together to affect the earth’s materials in order to reduce them to a fragmental state.

    • Weathering processes are responsible for breaking down the rocks into smaller fragments and preparing the way for the formation of not only regolith and soils but also erosion and mass movements.
    • Weathering is an important process in the formation of soils. Biodiversity depends upon vegetation, which in turn, is dependent upon the depth of weathering mantles.
    • Weathering aids mass wasting, erosion, and reduction of relief. Also, changes in landforms are a consequence of erosion.
    • Weathering of rocks and deposits helps in the enrichment and concentrations of certain valuable ores of iron, manganese, aluminum, copper, etc., which are of great importance to the national economy.
    • Weathering processes are conditioned by many complex geological, climatic, topographic and vegetative factors.
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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 5, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Fjords: Briefly describe what a fjord is—narrow, deep inlets of seawater bordered by steep cliffs or mountains. Examples: Mention notable fjords like Sognefjord, Geirangerfjord, and Lysefjord. Thesis Statement: Introduce the focus on the formation processes of ...

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction A fjord is a narrow, deep inlet of seawater bordered by steep cliffs or mountains, extending inland from the ocean. Examples include Sognefjord, Geirangerfjord, and Lysefjord. These natural wonders are known for their unique geological features, rich biodiversity, and cultuRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    A fjord is a narrow, deep inlet of seawater bordered by steep cliffs or mountains, extending inland from the ocean. Examples include Sognefjord, Geirangerfjord, and Lysefjord. These natural wonders are known for their unique geological features, rich biodiversity, and cultural significance.

    Formation of Fjords

    Glacial Erosion

    Fjords were primarily shaped during ice ages when massive glaciers carved out deep U-shaped valleys as they advanced, eroding the landscape. For instance, Norway’s Sognefjord was formed through this significant glacial activity.

    Isostatic Rebound

    As glaciers advance, they weigh down the Earth’s crust, causing it to sink. When the glaciers retreat, the crust gradually rebounds, creating the fjord’s characteristic deep, narrow shape. This is observed in Drammensfjorden.

    Sea-Level Rise

    The end of ice ages often leads to rising sea levels, which inundate glacially carved valleys, filling them with seawater. Milford Sound in New Zealand exemplifies this process, where the sea flooded a glacial valley.

    Tectonic Activity

    Fjords can also form due to vertical movements in the Earth’s crust, where land sinks, allowing seawater to enter and create fjords.

    Reasons Why Fjords Are Picturesque Areas

    Stunning Geological Formations

    Fjords are marked by striking geological features like deep inlets and steep cliffs. Tracy Arm Fjord in Alaska is a prime example of this visual splendor.

    Lush Greenery and Waterfalls

    Rugged cliffs surrounding fjords are often covered in lush vegetation and adorned with cascading waterfalls, enhancing their beauty. Milford Sound is renowned for its breathtaking waterfalls.

    Contrast of Elements

    The juxtaposition of towering cliffs against serene blue waters creates visually arresting landscapes, as seen in Norway’s Geirangerfjord.

    Tranquil and Remote Ambiance

    Fjords evoke tranquility with their secluded locations and calm waters, ideal for relaxation. Hjørundfjord exemplifies this peaceful atmosphere.

    Rich Biodiversity

    Fjords support diverse ecosystems, both above and below the water, with numerous marine life and bird species. The Western Antarctic Peninsula fjords are notable hotspots of biodiversity.

    Interplay of Light, Water, and Landscape

    Fjords present a dynamic interplay of elements, with reflections and changing weather conditions creating captivating visuals. Alaska’s Glacier Bay is a leading example.

    Conclusion

    Fjords are remarkable geological features shaped by various natural processes and are celebrated for their stunning beauty. However, these wonders are threatened by climate change, emphasizing the need for collective efforts to preserve them for future generations.

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Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 18, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the significance of the Himalayan mountain range, which spans across several countries in Asia (Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar). Mention that the Himalayas play a critical role in shaping the regional climate and local ecosystems, ...

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Impact on Regional Climate Obstruction of Cold Air: The Himalayas act as a barrier preventing the cold continental air from the north from entering India during winter. This helps maintain relatively milder winter temperatures across the Indian subcontinent. Moisture Barrier: The mountaRead more

    Model Answer

    Impact on Regional Climate

    1. Obstruction of Cold Air: The Himalayas act as a barrier preventing the cold continental air from the north from entering India during winter. This helps maintain relatively milder winter temperatures across the Indian subcontinent.
    2. Moisture Barrier: The mountain range forces southwest monsoon winds to release much of their moisture before crossing northward, resulting in heavy rainfall on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. This is crucial for precipitation in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
    3. Rain Shadow Effect: The high altitude of the Himalayas causes a dry region on the leeward side, leading to the arid conditions of the Gobi Desert and the Tibetan Plateau, where precipitation is scarce.

    Impact on Local Ecosystems

    1. Provisioning Services
      • Water Supply: Glaciers in the Himalayas feed major rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Yamuna, providing essential water resources to millions of people downstream.
      • Food Production: The alluvial soil deposited by these rivers in the Great Plains supports rich agricultural productivity.
      • Medicinal Plants: The region is home to a variety of medicinal plants, which are vital to traditional medical systems and the livelihoods of people in the subcontinent.
    2. Regulating Services
      • Pollination: The Himalayas support a wide range of pollinators, such as insects and birds, that play an essential role in maintaining ecosystem health and agricultural productivity.
      • Water Regulation: The lakes and rivers of the Himalayas help regulate surface and groundwater, contributing to natural purification and flood control.
    3. Supporting Services
      • Diverse Ecosystems: The range of elevations and climatic zones in the Himalayas supports diverse ecosystems, including alpine meadows, temperate forests, and subtropical jungles, which are crucial for nutrient recycling and soil respiration.
    4. Cultural Services
      • Recreation and Tourism: The scenic beauty of the Himalayas and their status as conservation areas attract tourists, promoting cultural and eco-tourism.
      • Cultural Heritage: The Himalayas hold significant cultural importance for many religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, serving as a place of pilgrimage.

    Conclusion

    The Himalayan region is essential not only for its climatic role but also for its biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, climate change is threatening these ecosystems, with potential consequences for biodiversity and the livelihoods of millions in the region. Concerted global and regional efforts are needed to mitigate these impacts.

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Lala Ram
  • 0
Lala RamLearner
Asked: June 14, 2024In:
  • 0

Describe the idea of diastrophism and the procedures that go along with it.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Mridubon Guswami
    Mridubon Guswami Begginer

     Diastrophism: Geomorphologically, the term Diastrophism refers to a geomorphic process of crust deformation. This process leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins. Diasreophim is involved in two distinct processes that are classified as:  Epeirogenic Processes: These processes are theRead more

     Diastrophism:

    Geomorphologically, the term Diastrophism refers to a geomorphic process of crust deformation. This process leads to the formation of continents and ocean basins.

    Diasreophim is involved in two distinct processes that are classified as: 

    Epeirogenic Processes: These processes are the vertical earth movements of the crust deformation created by endogenic forces These processes cause continental building by warping large parts of the Earth’s crust. There are two processes submergence and emergence.

    • Submergence: This process is caused by the rising sea level relative to the land surface. This downward movement may lead to the formation of rias and estuaries.
    • Emergence: This process is driven by falling sea levels relative to the land.or upliftment of the land that leads to the formation of marine terraces and coral reefs.

    Orogenic processes:  Geologically, these dystrophic processes are caused by the horizontal movement of the endogenic forces that may lead to the formation of Mountain-Building.

    The processes driven by the influence of dystrophic orogenic processes are:

    • Transitional forces: These processes may cause faulting and cracking that exceed the crust by stressing and shearing the rock’s strength.
    • Compressional forces: These processes may cause folding and warping that are subjected to compression within the crustal rocks.

     

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