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Home/upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Rajnish Singh
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Rajnish SinghBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Discuss the Union government’s responsibilities in the realm of national security, including the command of the armed forces, the management of internal security, and the coordination of disaster response and mitigation efforts.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Rachna Chopra
    Rachna Chopra Begginer

    In the realm of national security, the responsibilities of the Union government in India are multifaceted and encompass the command of the armed forces, the management of internal security, and the coordination of disaster response and mitigation efforts. Command of the Armed Forces: The Union goverRead more

    In the realm of national security, the responsibilities of the Union government in India are multifaceted and encompass the command of the armed forces, the management of internal security, and the coordination of disaster response and mitigation efforts.

    Command of the Armed Forces:

    The Union government, through the Ministry of Defence, exercises supreme command and control over the Indian Armed Forces, which consist of the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force. This includes:

    • Formulating defense policies and strategies
    • Allocating budgetary resources for military modernization and operations
    • Appointing and managing the leadership of the armed forces
    • Overseeing the training, equipping, and deployment of military personnel
    • Ensuring the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country against external threats

    Management of Internal Security:

    The Union government, through the Ministry of Home Affairs, is responsible for maintaining internal security within the country. This involves:

    • Overseeing the functioning of central law enforcement agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the National Investigation Agency (NIA), and the Border Security Force (BSF)
    • Coordinating with state governments to address issues of public order, crime, and terrorism
    • Formulating policies and guidelines for the effective management of internal security challenges
    • Monitoring the intelligence gathering and sharing mechanisms to preempt and respond to threats

    Coordination of Disaster Response and Mitigation:

    Through the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), the Union government is responsible for the overall coordination of disaster response and mitigation efforts across the country. This includes:

    • Developing national-level disaster management policies and guidelines
      Mobilizing and deploying resources, including specialized teams and equipment, for disaster relief and rehabilitation
    • Facilitating the coordination between various central and state-level agencies involved in disaster management
    • Providing financial and technical assistance to state governments to strengthen their disaster preparedness and response capabilities
    • Promoting disaster risk reduction measures and ensuring the integration of disaster management into developmental planning

    By exercising its constitutional powers and responsibilities, the Union government plays a crucial role in safeguarding the national security interests of India, both from external and internal threats, as well as in effectively responding to and mitigating the impact of natural and man-made disasters.

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Kusum Mehara
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Kusum MeharaBegginer
Asked: July 15, 2024In:
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Examine the Union’s and the States’ financial authorities and obligations, taking into account the Finance Commission’s function and the rules governing the distribution of tax income. Talk about the arguments and difficulties

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Aditya Sharma
    Aditya Sharma Begginer

    The financial powers and responsibilities of the Union and the States in India are structured to ensure both levels of government can operate effectively while addressing the diverse needs of the country. This structure includes provisions for tax revenue sharing, the role of the Finance Commission,Read more

    The financial powers and responsibilities of the Union and the States in India are structured to ensure both levels of government can operate effectively while addressing the diverse needs of the country. This structure includes provisions for tax revenue sharing, the role of the Finance Commission, and ongoing challenges in fiscal federalism.

    Financial Powers and Responsibilities
    Union Government
    Taxation Powers:

    The Union government has exclusive powers to levy taxes on income (above a certain threshold), customs duties, excise duties on certain products, corporate tax, and goods and services tax (GST) on inter-state trade.
    Union List: Includes taxes like income tax and customs duties.
    Borrowing Powers:

    The Union can borrow money from both domestic and international sources, which allows it to fund development projects and manage national expenditures.
    Expenditure Responsibilities:

    The Union government is responsible for national defense, foreign affairs, and economic planning, necessitating significant financial resources.
    State Governments
    Taxation Powers:

    States can levy taxes on property, agricultural income, sales tax (now largely replaced by GST), and various local taxes.
    State List: Includes taxes like land revenue, state excise, and sales tax on goods not covered by GST.
    Expenditure Responsibilities:

    States are primarily responsible for public health, education, infrastructure development, and law and order, necessitating a stable revenue base.
    Sharing of Tax Revenues
    Goods and Services Tax (GST):

    Implemented in 2017, GST replaced multiple indirect taxes with a single tax system, with revenue shared between the Centre and states. The GST Council determines the rates and revenue distribution.
    The GST aims to create a seamless tax system and improve compliance.
    Tax Revenue Sharing:

    The Constitution provides for the distribution of tax revenues between the Centre and states, particularly through the recommendations of the Finance Commission.
    The Finance Commission assesses the financial needs of states and recommends the formula for distributing central tax revenues.
    Role of the Finance Commission
    Constitutional Mandate:
    Established under Article 280, the Finance Commission is constituted every five years to recommend the distribution of tax revenues between the Union and states and among the states themselves.
    Functions:
    Revenue Sharing: It recommends how much of the central taxes should be allocated to states.
    Grants-in-Aid: It recommends grants for states to address specific needs, especially for those with limited revenue-generating capabilities.
    Fiscal Responsibility: Encourages states to maintain fiscal discipline.
    Challenges and Debates Surrounding Fiscal Federalism
    Centralization of Revenue Powers:

    Issue: The Union government holds significant powers over major revenue sources, leading to concerns about the fiscal autonomy of states.
    Debate: This centralization can undermine state-specific needs and priorities.
    Unequal Revenue Distribution:

    Issue: States with lower economic capacity often depend heavily on central transfers, leading to fiscal imbalances.
    Debate: Discussions around revising the formula for revenue sharing to better reflect states’ needs and economic disparities.
    Implementation of GST:

    Issue: While GST aims to simplify tax structures, its implementation has faced challenges, including compliance issues and disputes over revenue sharing.
    Debate: States have expressed concerns about revenue losses and delays in compensation from the Centre.
    Fiscal Responsibility:

    Issue: Many states struggle with maintaining fiscal discipline, leading to debates over the need for a more robust framework for fiscal responsibility.
    Debate: Discussions on enhancing accountability and transparency in state finances.
    Impact of Economic Disparities:

    Issue: Economic inequalities among states affect their revenue generation capabilities and access to resources.
    Debate: Calls for a more equitable distribution mechanism that takes into account economic disparities and developmental needs.
    Conclusion
    The financial powers and responsibilities of the Union and states are central to India’s federal structure. The mechanisms for sharing tax revenues and the role of the Finance Commission play crucial roles in maintaining fiscal balance. However, challenges in fiscal federalism, including centralization, revenue disparities, and implementation issues, necessitate ongoing dialogue and reform to ensure that both levels of government can effectively address the needs of their citizens.

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Gaurav Reddy
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Gaurav ReddyBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine how the Union government protects historical sites, fosters the arts and literature, and controls the media and information to preserve and promote India’s rich cultural legacy.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Jugunu Kamran
    Jugunu Kamran Begginer

    The Union government of India plays a significant role in preserving and promoting the country's rich cultural heritage. Here's an analysis of its efforts in this regard: Protection of Historical Monuments: Archeological Survey of India (ASI): The ASI is a premier organization responsible for the coRead more

    The Union government of India plays a significant role in preserving and promoting the country’s rich cultural heritage. Here’s an analysis of its efforts in this regard:

    Protection of Historical Monuments:

    Archeological Survey of India (ASI): The ASI is a premier organization responsible for the conservation, preservation, and maintenance of historical monuments and archaeological sites across India. It is responsible for protecting over 3,600 monuments, including the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Ajanta Ellora Caves.
    Monumental Protection Act: The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, provides legal framework for the protection and preservation of historical monuments.
    National Monuments Authority: Established in 1990, the National Monuments Authority (NMA) advises the government on matters related to the conservation and protection of monuments.
    Support for Arts and Literature:

    Cultural institutions: The Union government supports various cultural institutions, such as the National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum, and Sangeet Natak Akademi, which promote Indian art, literature, music, and dance.
    Scholarships and Fellowships: The government offers scholarships and fellowships to encourage young artists, writers, and researchers to pursue their creative pursuits.
    Festivals and Celebrations: The government organizes various festivals and celebrations, such as the Republic Day Parade, Independence Day Celebrations, and the International Film Festival of India (IFFI), to promote Indian culture.
    Regulation of Media and Information:

    Press Council of India: The Press Council of India (PCI) is an autonomous body that regulates the print media in India, ensuring press freedom while promoting responsible journalism.
    Central Board of Film Certification: The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) regulates the film industry by certifying films based on their content and suitability for public consumption.
    Information Technology Act: The Information Technology Act (2000) regulates online content, including social media platforms, to prevent misuse and promote responsible online behavior.
    Challenges and Limitations:

    Lack of Resources: Despite efforts to preserve cultural heritage, lack of resources, including funding and infrastructure, remains a significant challenge.
    Lack of Public Awareness: Many historical monuments and cultural institutions face neglect due to a lack of public awareness about their significance.
    Censorship Concerns: The regulation of media and information can sometimes raise concerns about censorship, limiting artistic expression and freedom of speech.
    Conclusion:

    The Union government plays a crucial role in preserving and promoting India’s rich cultural heritage. While there are challenges and limitations, the government’s efforts have helped protect historical monuments, support the arts and literature, and regulate media and information. However, it is essential to address these challenges by increasing funding, enhancing public awareness, and ensuring a balance between regulation and freedom of expression.

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Kriti Agarwal
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Kriti AgarwalBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine the federal framework’s provisions about the autonomy of local self-government organizations like municipalities and panchayats. Talk about the issues and arguments underlying the transfer of authority to these local organizations.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Sani Sahgal
    Sani Sahgal Begginer

    In India, local self-government institutions such as Panchayats (at the village, intermediate, and district levels) and Municipalities (at the urban level) are recognized as the third tier of government, after the Union and State governments. These institutions are critical for decentralized governaRead more

    In India, local self-government institutions such as Panchayats (at the village, intermediate, and district levels) and Municipalities (at the urban level) are recognized as the third tier of government, after the Union and State governments. These institutions are critical for decentralized governance and ensuring democratic participation at the grassroots level.

    The Constitution of India provides for the autonomy of local self-government institutions through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which introduced provisions for the establishment of Panchayats and Municipalities with a significant degree of autonomy and powers. These institutions are responsible for the planning and implementation of local development schemes, provision of essential services, and addressing the needs of the local population.

    Despite these constitutional provisions, there are several challenges and debates surrounding the devolution of powers to these grassroots-level bodies. Some of the key challenges include:

    Lack of financial autonomy: In many cases, local self-government institutions lack financial resources and depend heavily on the State government for funding. This limits their ability to function effectively and address the needs of the local population.

    Political interference: Local self-government institutions often face political interference from higher levels of government, which can impede their autonomy and decision-making powers.

    Capacity and resource constraints: Many Panchayats and Municipalities lack the capacity and resources to effectively plan and implement development initiatives. This can hinder their ability to meet the needs of the local population and deliver essential services.

    Uneven implementation: The decentralization of powers to local self-government institutions has not been uniform across states and regions. In some cases, these institutions have been marginalized and their autonomy undermined by the state government.

    Lack of awareness and participation: There is a lack of awareness and participation among the local population in the functioning of Panchayats and Municipalities. This can limit their effectiveness and accountability.

    Overall, while the constitutional provisions for the autonomy of local self-government institutions are a positive step towards decentralized governance, several challenges need to be addressed to ensure their effective functioning. These include strengthening financial autonomy, reducing political interference, building capacity and resources, ensuring uniform implementation, and promoting awareness and participation among the local population. Only by overcoming these challenges can Panchayats and Municipalities truly serve as effective vehicles for local governance and development.

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Arjun Sharma
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Arjun SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 15, 2024In:
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Examine how the Union administration controls and coordinates the operations of the States, especially when it comes to the application of Article 356 (President’s Rule) and other emergency authorities. Talk about the arguments for and against using these clauses appropriately.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Kamini g
    Kamini g Learner

    The role of the Union government in regulating and coordinating the functioning of the States is a complex and often debated topic in Indian federalism. The Indian Constitution has provided the Union government with certain emergency powers, particularly through the use of Article 356 (President's RRead more

    The role of the Union government in regulating and coordinating the functioning of the States is a complex and often debated topic in Indian federalism. The Indian Constitution has provided the Union government with certain emergency powers, particularly through the use of Article 356 (President’s Rule), to intervene in the affairs of the States under specific circumstances.

    The rationale behind these provisions is to ensure the smooth functioning of the democratic system and the preservation of the Constitution, particularly in situations where the State government is unable to carry out its constitutional obligations or where there is a breakdown of the constitutional machinery.

    The use of Article 356 has been a subject of significant debate and controversy over the years. Proponents argue that it is a necessary tool to maintain national unity and stability, and to protect the rights of citizens when a State government is unable or unwilling to do so. They believe that the Union government should have the power to step in and restore order when there is a threat to the democratic process or the Constitution.

    On the other hand, critics argue that the provision has been misused by the Union government for political purposes, to dismiss democratically elected State governments and impose its own rule. They contend that this undermines the federal structure and the autonomy of the States, and that the Union government should exercise restraint in invoking these emergency powers.

    The debates surrounding the use of Article 356 and other emergency powers have led to various reforms and attempts to limit their abuse. For instance, the Supreme Court, in the S.R. Bommai case, has laid down certain guidelines and restrictions on the use of Article 356, emphasizing the need for a factual assessment of the situation and the exhaustion of other remedies before resorting to this provision.

    Additionally, the 44th Amendment to the Constitution in 1978 introduced certain safeguards, such as the requirement of a report from the Governor of the State and the need for the approval of both Houses of Parliament for the continuation of President’s Rule beyond two months.

    Despite these reforms, the appropriate use of emergency powers by the Union government in regulating and coordinating the functioning of the States remains a contentious issue. It requires a delicate balance between maintaining national unity and preserving the federal structure, as well as ensuring the protection of democratic rights and the autonomy of the States.

    Ultimately, the successful functioning of Indian federalism depends on the Union government exercising its emergency powers judiciously, in a manner that upholds the principles of democracy, federalism, and the rule of law.

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Rajnish Singh
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Rajnish SinghBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Evaluate the Union government’s role in the formulation and implementation of foreign policy, including the negotiation of international treaties and the representation of India in multilateral organizations.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
Dhruv Mehta
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Dhruv MehtaBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine the Union government’s involvement in the regulation and growth of the economy, taking into account the measures for managing public companies, controlling national resources, and carrying out economic plans.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Sani Sahgal
    Sani Sahgal Begginer

    The Union government plays a crucial role in the regulation and development of the economy in India. It is responsible for formulating and implementing economic policies to promote growth, manage public enterprises, and control national resources. Firstly, the Union government has the authority to rRead more

    The Union government plays a crucial role in the regulation and development of the economy in India. It is responsible for formulating and implementing economic policies to promote growth, manage public enterprises, and control national resources.

    Firstly, the Union government has the authority to regulate and control national resources such as minerals, energy sources, and water. It formulates policies and laws to ensure sustainable and equitable use of these resources to benefit the economy and society as a whole. For example, the government through various ministries such as the Ministry of Mines and Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas regulates the mining and extraction of minerals and oil and gas in the country.

    Secondly, the Union government also manages and controls public enterprises in sectors such as transportation, telecommunications, and banking. It plays a key role in the privatization, disinvestment, or restructuring of these enterprises to improve efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. The government also regulates these sectors to prevent monopolistic practices and ensure consumer protection.

    Additionally, the Union government formulates and implements economic policies to steer the economy towards growth and development. It sets fiscal and monetary policies, trade policies, industrial policies, and other measures to ensure macroeconomic stability, promote investment, boost exports, and create employment opportunities. For example, the government sets tax rates, interest rates, exchange rates, and trade agreements with other countries to achieve its economic objectives.

    Overall, the Union government’s role in regulating and developing the economy is crucial for ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth in India. Its control of national resources, management of public enterprises, and implementation of economic policies are essential for fostering a healthy and vibrant economy that benefits all sections of society.

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Raudas Singh
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Raudas SinghBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
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For India’s constitutional government to remain in place, the Governor position must be changed. In light of the recent scandals involving the Governors’ office, talk about. (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Babita Singh
    Babita Singh Begginer

    Article 154 vests the executive power of the State in the Governor. Article 163 categorically provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor except when this Constitution requires him to exercise his functions in his discretion. This discretionary power and ambiguRead more

    Article 154 vests the executive power of the State in the Governor. Article 163 categorically provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor except when this Constitution requires him to exercise his functions in his discretion.
    This discretionary power and ambiguity in certain provisions is sometimes misused by the Governor leading to certain controversies, which have been seen in recent times also:

    • The Telangana government filed a petition in Supreme Court, seeking a direction to the Governor, to grant assent to Bills passed by the State Assembly.
    • Recently, the Apex Court also disposed of a petition from the Punjab Government that was aggrieved by an alleged delay in the Governor summoning the Assembly.
    • Tamil Nadu Governor’s refusal to abide by the State Cabinet’s recommendation to release the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case convict and forward his pardon plea to the President.
    • Recently, the Kerala High Court restrained the Governor of the state in his capacity as Chancellor of universities, from passing final orders on the show cause notices he issued to VCs of eight universities.

    Such instances do not augur well for constitutional governance. Therefore, it has been argued that the office of Governor needs reforms as highlighted below:

    • Committee for Appointment: Appointing the Governor from a body comprising representatives of both the states and the Centre as well as from the judiciary will ensure fair play and address the perception of bias.
    • Security of tenure: It would ensure impartiality and independence of the office; and governors would be able to make their decision in the public interest rather than in the political interest.
    • Code of conduct for Governor: It should lay down certain ‘norms and principles’, which should guide the exercise of the governor’s ‘discretion’.
    • Strengthening of Federalism: In order to check misuse of the office of Governor, there is a need to strengthen the federal setup in India by strengthening Inter-State Council and the role of Rajya Sabha as the chamber of federalism.
    • Removing its role as Chancellor of Universities: As suggested by Punchhi Commission, ending the practice of burdening Governors with the office of Chancellor in Universities should also be considered after establishing alternative means of protecting University autonomy.
    • No office of profit: The person appointed as Governor should not be eligible for any other appointment or office of profit under the Union or State Government except for a second term as Governor or election as Vice-President or President of India.

    These reforms would ensure that the faith of the citizens in India’s democratic institutions increases and the scope for allegations of foul play is reduced, leading towards better governance.

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Aisha Kapoor
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Aisha Kapoor
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine the laws pertaining to the Union government’s administrative oversight and control over the States, including the nomination and removal of governors and the use of Central Armed Police Forces.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Rachna Chopra
    Rachna Chopra Begginer

    The provisions for the administrative control and supervision of the States by the Union government in India's federal framework include the appointment and removal of Governors and the deployment of Central Armed Police Forces. Let's examine these mechanisms in detail: Appointment and Removal of GoRead more

    The provisions for the administrative control and supervision of the States by the Union government in India’s federal framework include the appointment and removal of Governors and the deployment of Central Armed Police Forces. Let’s examine these mechanisms in detail:

    Appointment and Removal of Governors:
    The Constitution of India grants the Union government significant powers in appointing and removing the Governors of the States. Article 155 states that the President of India shall appoint the Governor of a State. This appointment is made on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister.

    Governors play an important role in bridging the Union and the States, as they act as the constitutional heads of the State governments. The Union government can exercise control over the States through the Governors, who are essentially representatives of the Centre at the State level.

    Furthermore, Article 156 of the Constitution grants the President the power to remove the Governor from office. This power is, again, exercised on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. The ability to appoint and remove Governors gives the Union government a significant degree of administrative control over the States.

    Deployment of Central Armed Police Forces:
    The Union government also exercises control over the States through the deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), and the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF).

    These CAPFs are under the direct administrative control of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. They can be deployed in the States, either upon the request of the State government or suo moto by the Union government, to maintain law and order, assist in disaster response, or provide security for critical infrastructure.

    The deployment of CAPFs allows the Union government to intervene in the internal affairs of the States, if deemed necessary, and exercise a degree of control over the administrative machinery of the States. This is seen as an important tool for the Union government to ensure national unity and security.

    It is important to note that the exercise of these powers by the Union government has often been a subject of debate, with concerns raised about the potential for misuse and encroachment on the autonomy of the States. The balance between the Union’s need for administrative control and the States’ demands for greater federalism remains an ongoing challenge in India’s federal system.

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Anirudh Singh
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Anirudh SinghLearner
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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Examine the Constitution’s provisions about the founding of new States and the realignment of already-existing State borders. Analyze the elements that contributed to the creation of new Indian states after independence.

upsc: functions & responsibilities of the union and the states
  1. Sani Sahgal
    Best Answer
    Sani Sahgal Begginer

    movements seeking separate statehood. Administrative efficiency: Reorganization of States has also been done to improve administrative efficiency and governance. States like Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were created with this goal in mind. Resource distribution: In some cases, the formation of new SRead more

    movements seeking separate statehood.

    Administrative efficiency: Reorganization of States has also been done to improve administrative efficiency and governance. States like Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were created with this goal in mind.

    Resource distribution: In some cases, the formation of new States has been driven by the desire for better distribution of resources and development opportunities. States like Sikkim and Mizoram were granted statehood to address the unique needs and aspirations of their people.

    Historical considerations: Some new States have been formed based on historical factors and regional identities. States like Nagaland and Manipur were granted statehood to recognize and preserve their distinct cultural heritage.

    Overall, the creation of new States in India has been a complex and dynamic process, shaped by a range of political, social, and economic factors. The provisions in the Constitution allow for flexibility in addressing the diverse needs and aspirations of the country’s population.

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