The judiciary in the Indian constitutional framework plays a crucial role in maintaining the rule of law, ensuring justice, and upholding constitutional values. The role of the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court and High Courts, is multifaceted, involving adjudication of disputes, interpretation of laws, and safeguarding fundamental rights. Here’s an examination of their roles, powers, functions, and the principle of judicial review:

1. Role of the Supreme Court
a. Highest Court of Appeal: The Supreme Court is the apex court in India, and it serves as the final court of appeal. It hears appeals against the decisions of High Courts in civil, criminal, and constitutional matters. Its judgments are binding on all lower courts in the country.

b. Constitutional Interpretation: One of the Supreme Court’s primary functions is to interpret the Constitution. This involves resolving disputes related to constitutional provisions and determining the scope and applicability of fundamental rights and duties.

c. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court exercises the power of judicial review to ensure that laws and executive actions comply with constitutional provisions. This power enables the Court to invalidate laws and actions that it finds unconstitutional, thereby maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution.

d. Public Interest Litigation (PIL): The Supreme Court has developed the concept of Public Interest Litigation to address issues of public concern, even if the petitioner is not directly affected. This broadens access to justice and allows the Court to address systemic issues affecting the public.

e. Advisory Jurisdiction: Under Article 143, the Supreme Court can provide advisory opinions to the President of India on matters of law or fact, which can guide the executive and legislative branches.

2. Role of the High Courts
a. Judicial Authority in States: High Courts are the highest courts in each state or union territory. They exercise original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases, and their judgments are binding on all lower courts within their jurisdiction.

b. Constitutional and Writ Jurisdiction: High Courts have the power to issue writs (such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari) to enforce fundamental rights and ensure that public authorities act within their legal bounds.

c. Administrative Functions: High Courts supervise and control the functioning of lower courts within their jurisdiction, including the power to transfer cases and oversee the administration of justice.

d. Judicial Review: High Courts also exercise judicial review, ensuring that state laws and executive actions conform to the Constitution. They play a crucial role in protecting fundamental rights at the state level.

3. Principle of Judicial Review
a. Definition and Scope: Judicial review is the power of the judiciary to review and nullify legislative and executive actions that are inconsistent with the Constitution. This principle is a cornerstone of the Indian legal system, ensuring that all government actions comply with constitutional norms.

b. Impact on the Balance of Power: The principle of judicial review maintains a balance of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. By reviewing laws and actions, the judiciary ensures that neither the legislature nor the executive exceeds its constitutional authority. This function acts as a check on arbitrary and unconstitutional actions.

**c. Enforcement of Fundamental Rights: Judicial review is instrumental in the protection and enforcement of fundamental rights. The judiciary can strike down laws or actions that violate these rights, thus playing a key role in upholding individual liberties and justice.

**d. Evolving Jurisprudence: The Supreme Court and High Courts have used judicial review to address evolving social issues, interpret constitutional provisions in contemporary contexts, and develop new legal doctrines. This dynamic role allows the judiciary to adapt to changing societal needs and values.

4. Impact on Governance and Society
**a. Accountability: Judicial review enhances accountability by holding legislative and executive actions to constitutional standards. This oversight helps prevent abuse of power and ensures that governance is conducted within the framework of the Constitution.

**b. Protection of Rights: By addressing grievances and protecting fundamental rights, the judiciary acts as a guardian of individual freedoms and social justice. Its decisions often lead to significant changes in law and policy that reflect societal values and needs.

**c. Legal Certainty: Through its interpretative and review functions, the judiciary provides clarity and certainty in the law. Its decisions guide future legislative and executive actions, contributing to stable and predictable governance.

In summary, the judiciary, through the Supreme Court and High Courts, plays a central role in the Indian constitutional framework. Its powers and functions, including the exercise of judicial review, are crucial for maintaining the balance of power, protecting individual rights, and ensuring that all branches of government act within constitutional limits. The principle of judicial review, in particular, reinforces the supremacy of the Constitution and upholds the rule of law, shaping the trajectory of legal and political developments in India.

The provisions for the organization and administration of the Union and state governments in India are laid out in the Constitution of India. The President is the head of the Union government and has wide-ranging powers and functions. Some of the key powers and functions of the President include:

Executive powers: The President is the head of the executive branch of the government and is responsible for the administration of the Union government.

Legislative powers: The President has the power to summon and prorogue the Parliament, issue ordinances, and give assent to bills passed by the Parliament.

Financial powers: The President is responsible for the budget of the Union government and has the power to approve the annual budget.

Diplomatic powers: The President is the head of the state and represents India in its relations with foreign countries.

The Governor is the head of the state government and is appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government. The Governor’s powers and functions are similar to those of the President at the state level.

The administrative machinery of the Union and state governments is divided into three branches: the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. The executive branch is responsible for implementing the laws passed by the legislature, while the judiciary interprets the laws and resolves disputes.

Overall, the provisions for the organization and administration of the Union and state governments in India provide for a system of checks and balances to ensure that power is not concentrated in any one branch of government. The President and the Governor play crucial roles in the functioning of the government, while the administrative machinery ensures the smooth implementation of policies and programs.