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Home/upsc: extremism

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
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Although it is trending downward, left wing extremism (LWE) is still prevalent over much of the nation. Give a brief explanation of the Government of India’s strategy to address the issues raised by LWE. (150 words) [UPSC 2018]

upsc: extremism
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, has been a serious threat to India's internal security, especially in central and eastern regions. LWE disrupts socio-economic development and challenges democratic governance. Although LWE violence has shown a siRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Left Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, has been a serious threat to India’s internal security, especially in central and eastern regions. LWE disrupts socio-economic development and challenges democratic governance. Although LWE violence has shown a significant downward trend in recent years, it continues to affect many parts of the country.

    Reduction in LWE Incidents

    Government efforts have led to remarkable progress in reducing LWE activities. For example:

    • Violent incidents related to LWE dropped by 76% in 2022 compared to 2010.
    • Deaths of civilians and security personnel due to LWE fell by 90%, from 1005 in 2010 to just 98 in 2022.
    • The number of LWE-affected districts has decreased from 90 to 45.
      Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, 2022.

    Government Measures to Counter LWE

    1. Security Measures

      • Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: This scheme financially supports state governments to strengthen their security forces and infrastructure in combating LWE.
      • Modernisation of State Police Forces: Police forces are being equipped with modern weapons, communication systems, and enhanced training programs to increase their efficiency.
        Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

    2. Developmental Initiatives

      • Integrated Action Plan (IAP): This initiative focuses on reducing socio-economic disparities in LWE-affected regions by accelerating development projects.
      • Aspirational Districts Programme: Targets underdeveloped districts, many of which are LWE-affected, to transform them through multi-sectoral development efforts.
        Source: NITI Aayog, Government of India.

    3. Political Approaches

      • Enhancing Local Governance: Strengthening Panchayati Raj institutions to increase local participation in governance and address grievances that fuel extremism.
        Source: Ministry of Panchayati Raj.

    4. Social Strategies

      • Rehabilitation and Surrender Policies: These policies incentivize Naxals to surrender and reintegrate into society, offering a humane approach while maintaining law enforcement.
        Source: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

    Conclusion

    The significant reduction in LWE incidents highlights the success of India’s comprehensive strategy. Moving forward, enhancing local governance, focusing on inclusive growth, and leveraging technology for both development and security will be crucial to ensuring lasting peace in LWE-affected regions.

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Dev Oberoi
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Dev OberoiBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
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Evaluate how well dispute settlement procedures and land titling reduce the likelihood of violence and instability.

upsc: extremism
  1. Harish Sharma
    Harish Sharma Begginer

    Assessing the Effectiveness of Land Titling and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Mitigating the Risk of Violence and Instability Land Disputes and their Impacts: Land disputes can be a significant driver of violence and instability, particularly in developing countries. Unclear or contested land ownRead more

    Assessing the Effectiveness of Land Titling and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Mitigating the Risk of Violence and Instability

    Land Disputes and their Impacts:
    Land disputes can be a significant driver of violence and instability, particularly in developing countries. Unclear or contested land ownership rights can lead to conflicts between communities, displace vulnerable populations, and fuel social unrest. For example, in India, land disputes have been a major factor in the Naxalite insurgency in central and eastern regions, with conflicts over resources and displacement of tribal communities contributing to the rise of left-wing extremism.

    The Role of Land Titling:
    Land titling, the process of formally recognizing and recording land ownership rights, can help mitigate the risk of violence and instability in several ways:

    1. Secure Property Rights: Providing clear and enforceable land titles can establish a system of secure property rights, reducing the potential for disputes over land ownership.
    2. Collateral and Investment: Formal land titles can also enable landowners to use their property as collateral for loans, encouraging investment and economic development, which can promote stability.
    3. Improved Governance: Effective land titling programs often require improved land administration systems and governance, which can enhance transparency and accountability, further reducing the risk of land-related conflicts.

    Examples of Successful Land Titling Initiatives:

    • Brazil’s Land Tenure Regularization Program: This program, launched in the 2000s, has helped formalize land rights for millions of residents in urban and rural areas, leading to increased investment and reduced conflicts.
    • Thailand’s Land Titling Program: Initiated in the 1980s, this program has successfully issued formal land titles to over 11 million households, contributing to economic growth and reducing land-related disputes.

    Dispute Resolution Mechanisms:
    In addition to land titling, effective dispute resolution mechanisms are crucial in mitigating the risk of violence and instability. These mechanisms can include:

    1. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): Processes like mediation, arbitration, and community-based conflict resolution can provide faster and less costly alternatives to formal court systems, which are often overburdened in developing countries.
    2. Specialized Land Courts: Establishing specialized land courts or tribunals with expertise in land-related issues can improve the efficiency and fairness of the dispute resolution process.
    3. Multi-Stakeholder Approaches: Involving a range of stakeholders, including local communities, civil society, and government agencies, in the design and implementation of dispute resolution mechanisms can enhance their legitimacy and effectiveness.

    Examples of Successful Dispute Resolution Initiatives:

    • Kenya’s National Land Commission: This agency, established in 2012, has played a key role in mediating land conflicts and promoting alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, contributing to reduced land-related violence.
    • Indonesia’s Village Land Dispute Resolution Mechanism: This community-based system has helped resolve over 80% of land disputes at the local level, preventing the escalation of conflicts.

    Conclusion:
    While land titling and dispute resolution mechanisms are not a panacea for all land-related conflicts, they can be powerful tools in mitigating the risk of violence and instability. Effective implementation of these strategies, combined with broader efforts to address the underlying social, economic, and political drivers of land disputes, can contribute to more stable and prosperous communities.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce left-wing extremism as a significant internal security challenge in Eastern India. Importance: Highlight the need to understand its determinants and formulate effective counter-strategies. 2. Determinants of Left-Wing Extremism A. Socio-Economic Deprivation Description: High levels of poverty and underdevelopment ...

upsc: extremism
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Left-wing extremism in Eastern India is a complex issue rooted in socio-economic disparities and governance failures. This insurgency poses a significant internal security challenge, driven by systemic inequalities and ideological motivations. Determinants of Left-Wing ExtrRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Left-wing extremism in Eastern India is a complex issue rooted in socio-economic disparities and governance failures. This insurgency poses a significant internal security challenge, driven by systemic inequalities and ideological motivations.

    Determinants of Left-Wing Extremism

    1. Socio-Economic Deprivation

    Poverty and underdevelopment are critical drivers of extremism. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) highlights that regions like Jharkhand face high deprivation levels, fostering discontent and unrest.

    2. Land Rights and Forest Issues

    Conflicts over land and forest rights significantly contribute to extremism, particularly in states like Chhattisgarh, where local communities feel marginalized and dispossessed.

    3. Poor Governance

    Ineffective governance and widespread corruption exacerbate feelings of alienation among the populace, pushing them towards extremist ideologies.

    4. Illiteracy and Unemployment

    High rates of illiteracy and unemployment, particularly in Odisha, make individuals more susceptible to extremist narratives, increasing their vulnerability.

    Strategies to Counter the Threat

    1. Inclusive Development

    Initiatives like the Aspirational Districts Programme aim to address socio-economic disparities, promoting development in affected areas to counter extremism.

    2. Enhanced Security Operations

    Operations such as Operation Green Hunt focus on neutralizing extremist threats and reclaiming control over areas dominated by insurgents.

    3. Negotiations and Surrender Policies

    The government has initiated peace talks and surrender policies, particularly in West Bengal, to reintegrate extremists into mainstream society.

    4. Improved Governance

    Addressing corruption and enhancing public service delivery can help diminish local support for extremist groups.

    5. SAMADHAN Strategy

    The SAMADHAN strategy developed by the Ministry of Home Affairs encompasses:

    • Smart Leadership: Cultivating informed decision-makers.
    • Aggressive Strategy: Proactive security operations.
    • Motivation and Training: Skills enhancement for security forces.
    • Actionable Intelligence: Strengthening intelligence capabilities.
    • Technology Utilization: Leveraging modern technology for operational efficiency.
    • Customized Action Plans: Tailoring strategies to specific regional challenges.
    • Disrupting Financing: Cutting off financial support for extremist activities (Source: Ministry of Home Affairs).

    Conclusion

    To effectively address left-wing extremism in Eastern India, a comprehensive approach is essential. By focusing on inclusive development, robust governance, strategic negotiations, and targeted security operations, the government can mitigate this challenge and foster a more peaceful and progressive environment in the region.

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Ishaan Menon
  • 0
Ishaan MenonBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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Examine how land reforms have affected national integration and how they have helped tribal populations with their issues.

upsc: extremism
  1. Kartik Raman
    Kartik Raman Begginer

    Land reforms play a critical role in addressing the grievances of tribal communities in India and have significant implications for national integration. Tribal communities, often marginalized and historically dispossessed of their land, have unique challenges that land reforms seek to address. HereRead more

    Land reforms play a critical role in addressing the grievances of tribal communities in India and have significant implications for national integration. Tribal communities, often marginalized and historically dispossessed of their land, have unique challenges that land reforms seek to address. Here’s an analysis of the role of land reforms in this context and their implications for national integration:

    Role of Land Reforms in Addressing Tribal Grievances

    1. Addressing Historical Dispossession

    Overview:

    • Historical Context: Many tribal communities have experienced historical dispossession of their traditional lands due to colonization, deforestation, and land acquisition for development projects.
    • Land Reforms: Targeted land reforms aim to restore land rights to these communities and recognize their traditional land usage patterns.

    Impact:

    • Restoration of Land Rights: By redistributing land or recognizing traditional land rights, land reforms help address grievances related to historical dispossession and displacement.
    • Empowerment: Securing land rights empowers tribal communities by providing them with legal recognition and control over their land, which is crucial for their cultural and economic well-being.

    2. Enhancing Livelihoods and Economic Stability

    Overview:

    • Economic Activities: Tribal communities often rely on agriculture, forestry, and other land-based activities for their livelihoods.
    • Land Reforms: Ensuring secure land tenure and access to productive land can enhance the economic stability of these communities.

    Impact:

    • Improved Agricultural Productivity: Secure land tenure encourages investment in land improvements and sustainable agricultural practices, leading to increased productivity and income.
    • Economic Opportunities: Access to land can open up new economic opportunities for tribal communities, such as sustainable resource management and eco-tourism.

    3. Promoting Social Justice and Equity

    Overview:

    • Social Exclusion: Tribal communities often face social exclusion and marginalization, which can be exacerbated by land disputes and insecure land rights.
    • Land Reforms: Land reforms aim to address these issues by promoting equity and social justice.

    Impact:

    • Reduction of Inequality: Land reforms help reduce social and economic inequalities by ensuring that tribal communities have access to land and resources.
    • Social Inclusion: Recognizing and addressing land rights issues contributes to the social inclusion of tribal communities, improving their status and participation in society.

    4. Strengthening Cultural and Identity Preservation

    Overview:

    • Cultural Significance: Land is often integral to the cultural identity and practices of tribal communities.
    • Land Reforms: Protecting and restoring land rights can help preserve the cultural heritage and traditions of tribal communities.

    Impact:

    • Cultural Continuity: Secure land tenure supports the continuation of traditional practices and cultural identity, reinforcing the community’s sense of belonging and heritage.
    • Cultural Pride: Restoring land rights contributes to cultural pride and strengthens the community’s connection to their ancestral lands.

    Implications for National Integration

    1. Promoting Social Harmony

    Overview:

    • Integration Challenges: Historical grievances and land disputes can create tensions between tribal communities and the broader society.
    • Land Reforms: Addressing these issues through land reforms can promote social harmony and integration.

    Impact:

    • Reduction of Tensions: By resolving land disputes and addressing historical injustices, land reforms can reduce tensions and foster better relations between tribal communities and other segments of society.
    • Inclusive Development: Integrating tribal communities into the development process contributes to a more inclusive and harmonious society.

    2. Strengthening National Unity

    Overview:

    • National Integration: Land reforms that address tribal grievances contribute to national unity by ensuring that all communities feel valued and included in the national development process.
    • Policy Implementation: Effective implementation of land reforms reflects the government’s commitment to addressing the needs of marginalized communities, strengthening national integration.

    Impact:

    • Unity Through Equity: Addressing land rights issues and ensuring equitable access to resources contribute to a sense of national unity and shared identity.
    • Political Stability: Resolving land-related grievances and promoting social justice enhance political stability and support national integration efforts.

    3. Enhancing Regional Development

    Overview:

    • Regional Disparities: Many tribal areas are economically underdeveloped, contributing to regional disparities within the country.
    • Land Reforms: By improving land access and tenure security, land reforms can stimulate economic development in tribal regions.

    Impact:

    • Economic Growth: Improved land rights and access can stimulate economic growth and development in tribal regions, contributing to balanced regional development.
    • Infrastructural Development: Economic development often leads to improved infrastructure and services, further integrating tribal areas into the national economy.

    4. Facilitating Participation in Governance

    Overview:

    • Political Participation: Tribal communities often face challenges in participating in political and governance processes.
    • Land Reforms: Secure land rights and economic stability can enhance political participation and representation.

    Impact:

    • Increased Representation: Empowered communities are better able to participate in governance and advocate for their interests, contributing to more inclusive and representative governance.
    • Strengthened Democracy: Enhanced participation and representation support democratic processes and national integration.

    Challenges and Considerations

    1. Implementation Issues

    Challenge:

    • Effective Execution: Ensuring effective implementation of land reforms can be challenging due to bureaucratic hurdles, corruption, and lack of political will.

    Strategy:

    • Strengthening Institutions: Improve institutional capacity and accountability to ensure effective implementation and monitoring of land reforms.

    2. Balancing Development and Conservation

    Challenge:

    • Sustainable Development: Balancing development needs with environmental and cultural preservation can be challenging.

    Strategy:

    • Integrated Approach: Adopt an integrated approach that considers environmental sustainability and cultural preservation alongside economic development.

    3. Addressing Disputes and Grievances

    Challenge:

    • Conflict Resolution: Resolving land disputes and addressing grievances requires careful negotiation and conflict resolution mechanisms.

    Strategy:

    • Mediation and Dialogue: Establish effective mediation and dialogue mechanisms to address conflicts and build consensus.

    Conclusion

    Land reforms play a crucial role in addressing the grievances of tribal communities by restoring land rights, enhancing economic stability, promoting social justice, and preserving cultural heritage. These reforms have significant implications for national integration by fostering social harmony, strengthening national unity, and contributing to regional development. Effective implementation of land reforms, coupled with strategies to address challenges and balance development needs, is essential for achieving these outcomes and promoting inclusive and equitable development in India.

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Arman Khan
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Arman KhanBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
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Talk about the institutional and policy frameworks needed to make sure that land reforms support the goals of stability and internal security.

upsc: extremism
  1. Dravid Kamath
    Dravid Kamath Begginer

    Aligning land reforms with the objectives of internal security and stability requires a robust policy and institutional framework that addresses socio-economic disparities, mitigates conflicts over land, and promotes inclusive development. Here’s a discussion on the necessary components: Policy FramRead more

    Aligning land reforms with the objectives of internal security and stability requires a robust policy and institutional framework that addresses socio-economic disparities, mitigates conflicts over land, and promotes inclusive development. Here’s a discussion on the necessary components:

    Policy Framework:

    1. Clear Objectives and Priorities:

    • Define specific goals of land reforms that contribute to internal security and stability, such as reducing land disputes, promoting equitable land distribution, and enhancing livelihood opportunities for marginalized communities.

    2. Legal Framework and Enforcement:

    • Establish comprehensive land laws that ensure clear land tenure rights, facilitate transparent land transactions, and provide mechanisms for resolving disputes swiftly. Strengthen enforcement agencies to uphold property rights and prevent illegal land grabs.

    3. Inclusive Land Redistribution:

    • Implement redistributive land reforms to address historical injustices, landlessness, and inequitable land distribution. Prioritize allocation to landless farmers, indigenous communities, and vulnerable groups to improve socio-economic conditions and reduce tensions.

    4. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms:

    • Develop efficient and accessible mechanisms for resolving land disputes through legal channels, mediation, or community-based approaches. Train personnel in conflict resolution and ensure equitable access to justice for all stakeholders.

    5. Environmental Sustainability:

    Integrate environmental considerations into land use policies to promote sustainable land management practices. Protect ecologically sensitive areas, regulate land conversions, and promote agro-ecological approaches to farming.

    6. Public Awareness and Participation:

    Conduct awareness campaigns to educate communities about their land rights, responsibilities, and available legal remedies. Encourage participatory decision-making processes in land governance to enhance transparency and accountability.

    Institutional Framework:
    1. Land Administration and Management:

    • Strengthen land administration institutions to improve efficiency in land registration, cadastral mapping, and land records management. Digitize land records to reduce bureaucratic delays and enhance transparency.

    2. Capacity Building:

    Invest in training programs for land administrators, judiciary, and law enforcement agencies on land laws, conflict management, and human rights. Build local capacities to handle land-related issues effectively at grassroots levels.

    3. Interagency Coordination:

    Foster collaboration among various government departments (e.g., agriculture, rural development, urban planning) and stakeholders (civil society, private sector) to ensure coordinated efforts in land governance and development.

    4. Monitoring and Evaluation:

    Establish monitoring mechanisms to track the implementation of land reforms, assess their impact on internal security indicators (e.g., crime rates, social unrest), and adjust policies based on findings. Regular evaluations ensure accountability and identify areas needing improvement.

    5. International Best Practices:

    Learn from successful land reform models in other countries and adapt relevant strategies to local contexts. Engage with international organizations and experts to access technical assistance and exchange knowledge on effective land governance practices.

    Conclusion:

    Effective alignment of land reforms with the objectives of internal security and stability requires a comprehensive approach that integrates policy coherence, institutional capacity building, and inclusive governance practices. By addressing socio-economic disparities, ensuring transparent land management, resolving disputes equitably, and promoting sustainable land use, governments can foster a conducive environment for social harmony, economic development, and long-term stability. Continuous adaptation and improvement of the policy and institutional frameworks are essential to meet evolving challenges and ensure equitable distribution of land-related benefits across society.

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Ishaan Menon
  • 0
Ishaan MenonBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the obstacles to enacting progressive land reforms in conflict-affected areas and the solutions that can be used.

upsc: extremism
  1. Pranay Chopra
    Pranay Chopra Begginer

    Challenges in Implementing Progressive Land Reforms in Areas Affected by Armed Conflicts 1. Introduction Implementing progressive land reforms in areas affected by armed conflicts presents unique and complex challenges. Armed conflicts often disrupt social, economic, and administrative systems, compRead more

    Challenges in Implementing Progressive Land Reforms in Areas Affected by Armed Conflicts

    1. Introduction

    Implementing progressive land reforms in areas affected by armed conflicts presents unique and complex challenges. Armed conflicts often disrupt social, economic, and administrative systems, complicating efforts to undertake and sustain land reform initiatives. Analyzing these challenges and exploring strategies to address them is crucial for effective land reform in conflict-affected regions.

    2. Challenges in Implementing Land Reforms in Conflict Zones

    Disrupted Governance and Administration: Armed conflicts often lead to the breakdown of government institutions and administrative systems, making it difficult to design and implement land reforms. The lack of functioning institutions can result in delays and inefficiencies in land reform processes.

    Recent Example: In Syria, the ongoing conflict has severely disrupted land administration systems, making land registration and property rights enforcement challenging. This has hampered efforts to implement progressive land reforms in a country grappling with war and displacement.

    Insecure Land Tenure: Conflicts often result in displacement and loss of land records, creating insecurity in land tenure. This insecurity can deter investment and agricultural productivity, making land reforms less effective.

    Recent Example: In South Sudan, the civil war has caused widespread displacement and loss of land documentation, leading to disputes over land ownership and hindering land reform efforts.

    Conflict-Driven Land Grabs: In conflict zones, powerful actors may seize land and resources for personal gain or strategic purposes, undermining the goals of equitable land distribution and reform.

    Recent Example: In Myanmar, the Rohingya crisis has led to large-scale land grabs and forced evictions, complicating land reform initiatives and exacerbating tensions between different ethnic groups.

    Political and Social Instability: Armed conflicts create an environment of political and social instability, which can lead to resistance against land reforms from various stakeholders, including local elites and armed groups.

    Recent Example: In Afghanistan, ongoing conflicts have led to resistance against land reforms from various factions and warlords, who often control land and resources in their areas of influence.

    3. Strategies to Overcome Challenges

    Strengthening Institutions and Governance: Building and strengthening local institutions and governance structures are essential for implementing land reforms in conflict-affected areas. Establishing effective local governance can help restore administrative functions and ensure the smooth execution of reforms.

    Recent Example: In Colombia, the government has worked to strengthen local institutions as part of the peace process, including efforts to implement land reforms in conflict-affected regions like the post-conflict zones of the rural areas.

    Restoring and Securing Land Records: Efforts to restore and secure land records are crucial for establishing land tenure security. Digitalization of land records and creating accessible databases can help address issues related to lost or destroyed documentation.

    Recent Example: Ethiopia has initiated digital land registration projects in areas recovering from conflicts, aiming to improve land tenure security and facilitate the implementation of land reforms.

    Engaging with Communities and Stakeholders: Engaging with local communities and stakeholders, including displaced populations and conflict-affected groups, is essential for designing and implementing inclusive land reforms. This engagement helps address local needs and concerns, and promotes acceptance of reforms.

    Recent Example: In Nepal, post-conflict land reform efforts involved extensive consultations with local communities and displaced people to ensure that reforms addressed their needs and secured their support.

    Creating Incentives for Compliance: Providing incentives for compliance with land reforms, such as legal protections, financial assistance, or technical support, can encourage stakeholders to participate in and support the reform process.

    Recent Example: In Iraq, the government has offered incentives such as subsidies and technical assistance to encourage farmers and landowners to participate in land registration and reform programs in areas recovering from conflict.

    Promoting Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution: Integrating land reform efforts with broader peacebuilding and conflict resolution initiatives can help address the root causes of conflicts and create a more stable environment for implementing reforms.

    Recent Example: The Peace and Reconciliation Commission in Sri Lanka has worked on integrating land reform efforts with peacebuilding initiatives to address land disputes and promote reconciliation in post-conflict areas.

    4. Conclusion

    Implementing progressive land reforms in areas affected by armed conflicts involves overcoming significant challenges related to disrupted governance, insecure land tenure, land grabs, and political instability. Strategies such as strengthening institutions, restoring land records, engaging with communities, providing incentives, and integrating land reforms with peacebuilding efforts can help address these challenges. By adopting a comprehensive and inclusive approach, it is possible to implement effective land reforms that contribute to stability, equity, and long-term development in conflict-affected regions.

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Ishaan Menon
  • 0
Ishaan MenonBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how inclusive development and lowered tensions can be achieved in conflict-prone areas through community-based land management.

upsc: extremism
  1. Kartik Raman
    Kartik Raman Begginer

    Community-based land management (CBLM) offers a promising approach to reducing tensions and promoting inclusive development in conflict-prone regions. This approach emphasizes local involvement in the planning, management, and decision-making processes related to land use, aiming to address local neRead more

    Community-based land management (CBLM) offers a promising approach to reducing tensions and promoting inclusive development in conflict-prone regions. This approach emphasizes local involvement in the planning, management, and decision-making processes related to land use, aiming to address local needs, enhance resource management, and build social cohesion. Here’s a detailed discussion on the potential of CBLM:

    Potential of Community-Based Land Management

    1. Reducing Tensions

    Overview:

    • Local Involvement: Involving communities in land management can address local grievances by ensuring that land-use decisions reflect the needs and preferences of those directly affected.
    • Conflict Resolution: Community-based approaches can facilitate dialogue and negotiation among conflicting parties, leading to more amicable resolutions.

    Impact on Conflict Reduction:

    • Ownership and Accountability: When communities have a stake in land management, they are more likely to take ownership and act responsibly, reducing conflicts over land use and boundaries.
    • Enhanced Communication: CBLM fosters communication and cooperation between different groups within the community, helping to resolve disputes and build mutual understanding.

    2. Promoting Inclusive Development

    Overview:

    • Equitable Access: CBLM aims to ensure that all community members, including marginalized groups, have access to and benefit from land resources.
    • Participatory Planning: The approach involves local stakeholders in the planning and decision-making processes, ensuring that development projects address diverse needs and priorities.

    Impact on Inclusive Development:

    • Empowerment: By involving local communities in land management, CBLM empowers individuals and groups, including women, indigenous people, and other marginalized communities.
    • Sustainable Development: Community participation leads to more sustainable and contextually appropriate development solutions that reflect local conditions and resources.

    3. Enhancing Resource Management

    Overview:

    • Local Knowledge: Communities often have valuable traditional knowledge and practices for managing local resources, which can be integrated into formal land management systems.
    • Adaptive Management: CBLM allows for adaptive management practices that can respond to changing conditions and emerging challenges in resource use.

    Impact on Resource Management:

    • Effective Utilization: Local management can lead to more efficient and effective use of resources, reducing overexploitation and environmental degradation.
    • Long-Term Sustainability: Community-driven approaches are often more sustainable in the long term, as they align with local needs and conservation practices.

    4. Building Social Cohesion

    Overview:

    • Shared Goals: CBLM promotes shared goals and collective action among community members, fostering social cohesion and mutual support.
    • Trust and Collaboration: Involvement in land management builds trust between community members and between communities and external authorities.

    Impact on Social Cohesion:

    • Stronger Communities: Collaborative land management helps build stronger, more resilient communities by addressing shared concerns and working together toward common objectives.
    • Reduced Conflict: By addressing local issues and promoting equity, CBLM reduces the likelihood of conflicts and fosters a sense of belonging and cooperation.

    Challenges and Considerations

    1. Ensuring Inclusivity

    Challenge:

    • Exclusion of Marginalized Groups: There is a risk that dominant groups within the community may exclude marginalized groups from decision-making processes.

    Strategy:

    • Inclusive Participation: Implement mechanisms to ensure the participation of all community members, including marginalized and vulnerable groups, in land management processes.

    2. Capacity Building

    Challenge:

    • Lack of Skills and Resources: Communities may lack the necessary skills, knowledge, and resources to effectively manage land and resources.

    Strategy:

    • Training and Support: Provide training, technical assistance, and resources to build the capacity of community members for effective land management.

    3. Balancing Local and External Interests

    Challenge:

    • Conflicting Interests: Balancing local interests with external interests, such as those of government or private entities, can be challenging.

    Strategy:

    • Negotiation and Collaboration: Facilitate negotiations and collaborative processes between local communities and external stakeholders to address conflicting interests and find mutually acceptable solutions.

    4. Ensuring Legal and Institutional Support

    Challenge:

    • Inadequate Legal Framework: The legal and institutional framework may not fully support or recognize community-based approaches to land management.

    Strategy:

    • Legal Reforms: Advocate for legal and policy reforms that recognize and support community-based land management practices and provide a clear framework for their implementation.

    Case Studies

    1. India’s Forest Rights Act

    Background:

    • Legislative Framework: The Forest Rights Act (2006) recognizes the rights of forest-dwelling communities to manage and use forest resources.

    Impact:

    • Empowerment: The Act has empowered tribal and forest-dependent communities by recognizing their land rights and involving them in forest management.
    • Sustainable Practices: Communities have implemented sustainable forest management practices, contributing to conservation and improved livelihoods.

    2. Community Conserved Areas in Africa

    Background:

    • Local Management: In several African countries, community conservancies manage protected areas and wildlife resources.

    Impact:

    • Biodiversity Conservation: Community management has led to successful conservation outcomes and sustainable tourism, benefiting local economies.
    • Conflict Reduction: Involving communities in conservation efforts has reduced conflicts over resources and enhanced local support for conservation initiatives.

    Conclusion

    Community-based land management has significant potential to reduce tensions and promote inclusive development in conflict-prone regions. By involving local communities in land management processes, addressing historical grievances, and fostering collaboration, CBLM can contribute to more equitable resource use, social cohesion, and sustainable development. However, effective implementation requires addressing challenges related to inclusivity, capacity building, and legal support to ensure that the approach benefits all community members and contributes to long-term stability and resilience.

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Jitendra Singh
  • 0
Jitendra SinghBegginer
Asked: June 26, 2024In:
  • 0

Do you think that the definitions of “over-ground workers” (OGWs) and “hybrid militant” accurately capture the evolving nature of militancy? (Answer in 150 words)

upsc: extremism
  1. Neeru Kumari
    Neeru Kumari Begginer

    Hybrid militants are those who lead mostly regular civilian lives, including being engaged in activities like studying or working for the most of the day, until they slip out to carry out an assigned attack and then return to their normal routine. Whereas, the over-ground workers (OGWs) are the peopRead more

    Hybrid militants are those who lead mostly regular civilian lives, including being engaged in activities like studying or working for the most of the day, until they slip out to carry out an assigned attack and then return to their normal routine. Whereas, the over-ground workers (OGWs) are the people who provide logistical support, cash, accommodation, and other facilities to the militants and assist them in their surreptitious movement. Usage of these two terms highlights the changing dynamics of militancy, which is evident from the following arguments:

    • Maintaining anonymity: In contemporary times, militants appear to have changed their strategy by keeping their militant identity hidden, making it difficult for security agencies to track them down. For e.g., many hybrid militants do not have a track record of engaging in anti-state activity making it difficult to be found in police records.
    • Wide and clever use of social media: The new militants use social media to spread the call of jihad and inspire the youth to join their ranks. For e.g., hybrid militants are often radicalized online and even receive an easy-to-use weapon to complete the assigned tasks. So, social media has made the process of recruitment much easier.
    • Changing targets: In the past, security forces were the main targets. Now, civilians and unarmed policemen are bearing the brunt of militant attacks. For e.g., according to J&K police, more than 70% of the 55 targeted killings since 2021 by hybrid militants have been civilians.
    • Rising local support: OGWs act as eyes and ears of the underground militants, arranging hideouts, transporting weapons from safe havens to places where militants plan to carry out strikes, keeping an eye on security forces’ movements, distributing separatist literature, and engaging in hate campaigns against security forces. While the recruitment process has become easier under the new militancy, the local recruits like hybrid militants and OGWs are very poorly trained and these militants do not last long in combat with security forces. Further, it is pertinent to mention that the usage of these terms has raised some concerns as well, including the following: As “hybrid” is used as a mere term for an unrecognized militant, it can be misused easily by the security agencies in a region like Kashmir, where forces enjoy special powers under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Both the terms have raised concerns as many families, whose members were killed and declared as hybrid or OGWs by the security forces, considered them innocent.

    As the militants have preferred to conceal their identity, the task of the security agencies to carry out anti-militancy operations has become difficult. The changing contours of militancy demand a redefinition of policies and responses that must go beyond traditional approaches.

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Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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For a very long period, insurgency has plagued India’s northeast area. Examine the main causes of the armed insurgency’s continued existence in this area (150 words) [UPSC 2017]

upsc: extremism
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    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The North-Eastern region of India has been plagued by armed insurgency for an extended period. This persistence can be attributed to a complex interplay of socio-economic, political, and geographical factors that continue to fuel unrest. Major Reasons for the Survival of ArRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The North-Eastern region of India has been plagued by armed insurgency for an extended period. This persistence can be attributed to a complex interplay of socio-economic, political, and geographical factors that continue to fuel unrest.

    Major Reasons for the Survival of Armed Insurgency

    A. Ethnic Diversity and Identity Politics

    The North-East is home to a rich tapestry of ethnic groups, each with distinct identities and aspirations. This diversity has often led to identity-based conflicts, where various groups demand autonomy or even separate statehood. For instance, the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and other groups have emerged from these identity struggles, seeking recognition and rights for their communities.

    B. Economic Backwardness

    The region suffers from significant economic challenges, including underdevelopment and limited job opportunities. This marginalization creates dissatisfaction among the youth, making them susceptible to recruitment by insurgent groups. According to the NITI Aayog, the North-East has some of the lowest socio-economic indicators in India, contributing to a fertile ground for insurgency.

    C. Geographical Isolation

    Geographical factors further complicate the situation. The region’s difficult terrain and porous international borders hinder effective governance and law enforcement. This isolation allows insurgents to operate with relative impunity, making it challenging for state authorities to maintain control.

    D. Cross-border Support

    Some insurgent groups reportedly receive support from neighboring countries, including shelter, training, and arms. This external backing sustains their operations and complicates the efforts of Indian security forces to neutralize these threats.

    E. Weak Law and Order Machinery

    A lack of adequate policing and surveillance often allows insurgents to evade capture. The insufficient presence of security forces in remote areas further emboldens insurgent activities.

    Conclusion

    The persistence of armed insurgency in the North-East region is a multifaceted issue rooted in the region’s unique socio-economic and political context. To address this enduring problem, an integrated approach that includes political dialogue, socio-economic development, improved law enforcement, and stronger interstate relations is essential.

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