Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
India has made notable progress in a number of development metrics, including economic growth, the education of women, and childbearing rates. The nation still has one of the lowest rates of female labor force participation (FLFPR) in the world. Talk ...
Why is policy in India placing such a high priority on skill development? What actions has the government done recently to address this issue?
Skill development is a key strategy to realise India's potential of demographic advantage of having one of the youngest workforce (an average age of 29 years in comparison to the advanced economies) for iniproving its competitiveness and growth. Also, by 2027, India is expected to have the world's lRead more
Skill development is a key strategy to realise India’s potential of demographic advantage of having one of the youngest workforce (an average age of 29 years in comparison to the advanced economies) for iniproving its competitiveness and growth. Also, by 2027, India is expected to have the world’s largest workforce. In this context, India needs to focus on skill development as:
In this context, the government has launched various schemes and programmes to push skill development in India. Skill India is the flagship campaign initiative launched by the Government in 2015 to train over 40 crore Indians in different industry-related jobs. Other measures include:
As per WTO, India’s GDP level can be increased further by 3%-5% till 2035, if it focuses on skill development and training. India’s demographic advantage is predicted to peak at around 2041, thus, India has a narrow timeframe to harness its demographic dividend and overcome its skill shortages.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define human capital (OECD: “Stock of knowledge, skills, and other attributes that make people productive”). State the significance of human capital for economic growth. 2. Analyzing the Connection Between Human Capital and Economic Growth Contribution to National Income: Skilled labor ...
Model Answer Definition and Importance Human capital, as defined by the OECD, refers to the stock of knowledge, skills, and attributes that make individuals productive. Investment in education, healthcare, and skills significantly impacts economic growth. Contributes to National Income Skilled and hRead more
Definition and Importance
Human capital, as defined by the OECD, refers to the stock of knowledge, skills, and attributes that make individuals productive. Investment in education, healthcare, and skills significantly impacts economic growth.
Contributes to National Income
Skilled and healthy individuals ensure a steady supply of labor, leading to increased economic activity and a higher real national income. For example, countries with higher levels of human capital typically exhibit sustained GDP growth due to productive labor.
Boosts Productivity and Innovation
Human capital enhances labor productivity and fosters innovation. It also enables societies to adapt to technological advancements, ensuring long-term economic competitiveness.
Income and Economic Growth Cycle
Human capital and economic growth share a reciprocal relationship. Higher levels of human capital spur income growth, while higher income allows for increased investments in education and health.
1. Poverty
NITI Aayog reports that 14.96% of Indians face multidimensional poverty, limiting their access to education and healthcare.
2. Healthcare Spending
India’s healthcare expenditure is among the lowest in BRICS nations, leading to inadequate facilities and professionals.
3. Literacy Disparities
India faces gender and regional disparities in literacy. Male literacy is 84.7% compared to 77% for females. States like Kerala (92.2% literacy) outperform Bihar (61.8%), indicating regional imbalances.
4. Employability Concerns
Only 50.3% of graduates in India are employable, according to the India Skills Report 2023, reflecting skill gaps in the workforce.
5. Infrastructural Deficits
Insufficient schools, training centers, and health facilities hinder human capital development, especially in rural areas.
Programs like Ayushman Bharat Yojana, Skill India Mission, and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aim to address these challenges by focusing on healthcare, skill development, and educational reforms. By tackling these issues, India seeks to strengthen its human capital and accelerate economic growth.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the passion economy and its relevance in the current economic landscape. Briefly mention the context of the rise of the passion economy, especially post-COVID-19. 2. Key Impacts on the Future of Work Empowerment of Individual Creativity: Discuss how ...
Model Answer Empowerment of Individual Creativity The passion economy allows individuals to leverage their unique skills and interests, fostering creative career pursuits. For instance, content creators on platforms like YouTube can turn their storytelling or educational passions into viable careersRead more
The passion economy allows individuals to leverage their unique skills and interests, fostering creative career pursuits. For instance, content creators on platforms like YouTube can turn their storytelling or educational passions into viable careers, showcasing their talents to a global audience .
This economic model encourages individuals to create multiple streams of income based on various talents or interests. By doing so, they reduce their reliance on traditional employment, which has become increasingly unstable. For example, a graphic designer might offer freelance services while also selling digital products online .
The passion economy provides greater flexibility and autonomy in work, appealing particularly to younger generations who prioritize independence and self-expression. Many bloggers and vloggers in niches like travel, food, and fashion enjoy the freedom to set their own schedules and choose their projects .
Digital platforms play a crucial role in the rise of the passion economy, offering tools and networks that help individuals monetize their skills effectively. Freelancing platforms such as Upwork and Fiverr connect freelancers with clients worldwide, facilitating the growth of independent careers .
The allure of the passion economy is influencing educational and career paths, with a growing emphasis on developing versatile, entrepreneurial skills rather than traditional job-specific training. This shift prepares individuals for a more dynamic job market .
Despite its advantages, the passion economy presents challenges, including the lack of stable income and benefits typically associated with traditional employment. Individuals must navigate these uncertainties while pursuing their passions .
In conclusion, the passion economy not only champions individuality and creativity but also challenges conventional employment norms. As it evolves, it has the potential to create a more diverse, flexible, and fulfilling economic landscape.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing When addressing the question, “What does the term ‘casualization of the workforce’ mean, and what are the disadvantages associated with this phenomenon in India?”, follow this structured approach: 1. Introduction Define the term “casualization of the workforce.” Briefly mention its ...
Model Answer Understanding Casualization of the Workforce The term "casualization of the workforce" refers to a trend where employers increasingly hire workers on a temporary or contractual basis instead of providing permanent employment with associated social benefits, such as job security and emplRead more
The term “casualization of the workforce” refers to a trend where employers increasingly hire workers on a temporary or contractual basis instead of providing permanent employment with associated social benefits, such as job security and employee benefits. In India, this phenomenon has been on the rise, with the proportion of casual labor in urban areas increasing from 13.4% in 2019-20 to 14.1% in 2020-21 .
While casualization can offer flexibility for both workers and employers, it is crucial for India to foster an ecosystem that encourages formalization in the labor market. This would provide better access to finance, infrastructure, and legal protections for workers.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define Demographic Dividend Explain the concept of demographic dividend and its significance for India. Mention the current youth population statistics. Thesis Statement State the main issues associated with employability and job creation, setting the tone for the discussion. Body Challenges of India’s Demographic ...
Model Answer Introduction India's demographic dividend presents a unique opportunity: a large working-age population poised to drive economic growth. However, this potential is undermined by significant challenges, particularly concerning employability and unemployment rates. As we highlight the demRead more
India’s demographic dividend presents a unique opportunity: a large working-age population poised to drive economic growth. However, this potential is undermined by significant challenges, particularly concerning employability and unemployment rates. As we highlight the demographic dividend, we often overlook the critical obstacles that hinder job creation.
Despite rising education levels, the workforce lacks essential job-oriented skills. A 2021 report by the National Skill Development Corporation revealed that only 20% of graduates possess employable skills, highlighting a gap between education and industry needs.
A significant portion of the workforce operates in the unorganised sector, characterized by low wages and limited social security. According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey, about 90% of India’s workforce is engaged in this sector, which stifles economic security and growth.
Although female literacy has improved, marketable skills remain elusive. The World Bank notes that female participation in the workforce has declined to around 23%, indicating systemic barriers such as inadequate access to vocational training.
Entrepreneurship is hampered by a lack of supportive infrastructure. According to the Economic Survey of India, cumbersome licensing processes and inadequate resources deter potential business ventures.
Many unskilled workers remain in agriculture due to limited opportunities in other sectors. The Ministry of Agriculture reports that nearly 42% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture, often without adequate productivity.
The future job landscape in India lies primarily in sectors such as:
To harness the demographic dividend effectively, India must prioritize skill development, reform labor laws, and enhance infrastructure. By addressing these challenges, we can turn the demographic potential into a robust employment reality, driving sustainable economic growth.
“Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ program and radical labor reforms.” Provide rational justifications for your discussion. (200 words) [UPSC 2015]
The success of the "Make in India" program indeed hinges on the success of the "Skill India" program and radical labor reforms. Here's why: *Skill India:* 1. Trained workforce: "Make in India" requires a skilled workforce to manufacture high-quality products. 2. Enhanced productivity: Skilled workerRead more
The success of the “Make in India” program indeed hinges on the success of the “Skill India” program and radical labor reforms. Here’s why:
*Skill India:*
1. Trained workforce: “Make in India” requires a skilled workforce to manufacture high-quality products.
2. Enhanced productivity: Skilled workers increase efficiency and productivity.
3. Global competitiveness: A skilled workforce enables Indian industries to compete globally.
*Radical Labor Reforms:*
1. Flexibility: Labor reforms allow businesses to adapt to changing market conditions.
2. Ease of doing business: Simplified labor laws attract foreign investment.
3. Increased employment: Reforms encourage hiring and job creation.
*Interdependence:*
1. Unskilled labor hampers “Make in India” initiatives.
2. Inflexible labor laws deter investment and hinder growth.
3. Skilled workforce and flexible labor laws create a conducive business environment.
*Statistics:*
1. India’s skilled workforce is only 2.5% (NSSO, 2018).
2. Labor laws’ complexity ranks India 136/190 (World Bank, 2020).
3. “Skill India” aims to train 40 crore people by 2022.
*Conclusion:*
The success of “Make in India” depends on:
1. Developing a skilled workforce through “Skill India”.
2. Implementing radical labor reforms for flexibility and ease of doing business.
By addressing these two critical components, India can:
1. Boost manufacturing growth.
2. Increase foreign investment.
3. Create employment opportunities.
Thus, the government must prioritize “Skill India” and labor reforms to realize the full potential of “Make in India”.
See lessRoadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Unemployment: Explain what unemployment is, emphasizing structural unemployment. Current Statistics: Mention that the unemployment rate in India for 2022 was 7.33%, affecting millions of people. 2. Structural Unemployment in India A. Reasons for Structural Unemployment Skill Gap: Fact: Many ...
Model Answer Introduction Unemployment in India, particularly structural unemployment, arises from a mismatch between workers' skills and employer demands. In 2022, the unemployment rate was 7.33%, affecting millions. Understanding the methodology for computing unemployment is essential for addressiRead more
Unemployment in India, particularly structural unemployment, arises from a mismatch between workers’ skills and employer demands. In 2022, the unemployment rate was 7.33%, affecting millions. Understanding the methodology for computing unemployment is essential for addressing this issue.
Addressing structural unemployment in India requires improved methodologies for computing unemployment. By adopting innovative data collection and analysis techniques, policymakers can gain better insights and implement targeted interventions to alleviate unemployment.
See lessTalk about the government’s initiatives to improve the effectiveness and accessibility of job and skill development services by utilizing cutting-edge technologies like digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. You should also assess how these initiatives are affecting the responsiveness ...
Government's Efforts to Leverage Emerging Technologies 1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) AI-Powered Platforms: The government has launched initiatives like the National Skill Development Corporation's (NSDC) AI-driven skill assessment tools to match candidates with appropriatRead more
Government’s Efforts to Leverage Emerging Technologies
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)
2. Digital Platforms
Impact on Efficiency and Accessibility
Evaluation
In summary, the government’s use of emerging technologies has significantly enhanced the efficiency, responsiveness, and personalization of skill development and employment services, though continuous refinement and expansion are needed to address emerging challenges.
See lessTo improve women’s economic participation and empowerment, evaluate the government’s efforts to promote gender equity in employment and skill development. These include the implementation of affirmative action policies, the provision of skill training and entrepreneurship support for women, and the ...
The Government of India has implemented various strategies to promote gender equity in employment and skill development. Let's evaluate the key initiatives and assess their effectiveness in improving women's economic participation and empowerment. Affirmative Action Policies: The government has implRead more
The Government of India has implemented various strategies to promote gender equity in employment and skill development. Let’s evaluate the key initiatives and assess their effectiveness in improving women’s economic participation and empowerment.
Overall Assessment of Effectiveness:
The government’s strategies to promote gender equity in employment and skill development have had a positive impact, but they still face several challenges:
To further improve the effectiveness of these strategies, the government needs to:
By addressing these challenges, the government can enhance the impact of its strategies and foster greater gender equity in the labor market, leading to the overall empowerment and economic advancement of women in the country.
See less
The ability of women to participate in the labour force is the outcome of various economic and social factors including educational attainment, fertility rate and the age of marriage, economic growth/cyclical effects, and urbanization. In the recent years, India has scored significant gains in someRead more
The ability of women to participate in the labour force is the outcome of various economic and social factors including educational attainment, fertility rate and the age of marriage, economic growth/cyclical effects, and urbanization. In the recent years, India has scored significant gains in some of these parameters, including:
However, the country’s Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) remains amongst the lowest in the world. The FLFPR declined steadily from 47.1 percent in 1987-88 to 23 percent in 2017-18, reaching its lowest since Independence. While it rose to 32.5 percent by 2020-21, it is still far below the 77 percent for men. The reasons for the decline are as follows:
Measures to improve FLFPR in India:
To chart a gender-sensitive socio-economic development, the government, private sector, media, and the social sector need to work together to improve the working conditions of women, reduce wage gaps, increase opportunities for women across sectors, and bring about behavioural change in society.
See less