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Home/upsc: elderly/Page 3

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aadhav Murthy
  • 2
Aadhav MurthyLearner
Asked: July 12, 2024In:
  • 2

Senior citizen social security is still in its infancy. Analyze critically?

upsc: elderly
  1. Dolly Mehara
    Dolly Mehara Learner

    As per the report “Caring for Our Elders” by UNFPA India’s old age population( above 60) would grow from 8.6% in 2011 to 19% ( around 300 million) by 2050. This means India has to ensure healthy ageing with policy measures during this current beneficial period of demographic dividend. Social securitRead more

    As per the report “Caring for Our Elders” by UNFPA India’s old age population( above 60) would grow from 8.6% in 2011 to 19% ( around 300 million) by 2050. This means India has to ensure healthy ageing with policy measures during this current beneficial period of demographic dividend. Social security could be said as the legislative or executive measure to support the vulnerable sections of society and is enshrined in Indian Directive Principles of State policy. Article 41 explicitly mentions the need to provide public assistance to the old age. Various initiatives have been taken to provide social security to the Indian senior citizens especially during this period of more Nuclear family and rural-Urban migration.

    Major Schemes For Senior Citizens

    1. Integrated Programme for older persons (IPOP) :Improve the quality of life of the Older Persons & capacity building of Government / NGOs / PRIs etc.
    2. Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) :Part of National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) – Provision of Rs.200/month for age 60-79 & Rs.500/month for age 80 & above.
    3. Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY) : Provision of aids and assistive living devices are provided to senior citizens belonging to BPL category.
    4. Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana ( (PMVVY): Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY) is a scheme for the benefit of senior citizens aged 60 years and above. The scheme provides pension in the form of immediate annuity during the lifetime of the pensioner with the return of purchase price to the family/nominee on his/her death. Another variant of the old-age pension scheme is Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana, which provides an assured rate of return to senior citizens who are 60 and above.
    5. National Programme for the Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) :To provide dedicated health facilities in district hospitals, community health centres (CHC), PHC etc.
    6. Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund (SCWF): It has been established under the Finance Act, 2015, to be utilized for such schemes for the promotion of the welfare of senior citizens, in line with the National Policy on Older Persons.
    7. Legislations like Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act(MWPSC), 2007, which was enacted to provide financial security, welfare and protection for senior citizens. It requires children to provide maintenance for their parents, and the government to provide old age homes and ensure medical care for senior citizens.

    Many of these schemes have improved the social perception about the need for senior citizen welfare. Also, schemes like IPOP have created an integrated chain of old-age care homes and NGO groupings across India. Creation of SCWF has allowed the utilization of unclaimed deposits of Public Provident Fund for senior citizens welfare. But despite these many schemes the social security of senior citizens in India is well below what’s needed and very much in the nascent stage.

    Social Security Of Senior Citizens In Nascent Stage

    A recent survey by Agewell Research and Advocacy Centre for the United Nations showed that around 51% of respondents were not satisfied with the overall status of social security schemes for the elderly in India. Around 53% of the elderly find it difficult in utilizing the social security schemes and 79% found these are not sufficient to meet their basic needs, which shows the amateur approach of addressing the old age population.

    1. Insufficient Support: The allocation of IGNOAPS of Rs.200/500/month is highly underrated considering the inflation across period and living conditions.
    2. The Ministry of Social Justice : Which is the nodal ministry for senior citizen welfare is one among the ministries whose funds are most underutilised. Despite very less budgetary allocations compared to other ministries, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment recently found the ministry spending only 66.58 per cent of the funds allocated.
    3. Urban Bias in schemes: Most old age schemes are oriented to urban areas, as the old age homes are spread across urban areas. This is despite more than 65% population living in rural areas.
    4. Poor palliative set up in hospitals: The ideals mentioned in schemes like National Programme for the Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE) are poorly implemented in the grassroots level. Poor infrastructure facilities in rural hospitals offer no respite to old age.
    5. Not addressing the “ Feminisation” of old age: Most of the schemes are gender-neutral and this marginalises the increasing female old age population.
    6. Bureaucratisation of schemes: Despite initiating reforms like Aadhaar enabled Bank accounts, DBT through JAM trinity, there are many cases of exclusion of old age due to complex procedures. For example, an instance of a woman in Odisha pulling her paralyzed mother in a cot to the bank to verify her account.
    7. Generic medical facilities: Not addressing the rising Non Communicable diseases among old age population.
    8. Rising Mental issues and social isolation are addressed in policy spheres. Most of the policy documents are silent on the aspect of utilising the rich experience of the old age population.
    9. Randomisation of selections of scheme beneficiary: Most of the schemes like RVY are appropriated by the well to do category .
    10. Lack of awareness of schemes: Most of the rural citizens are only aware of the IGNOAPS and not of any other rights like MWPSC Act and other benefits.
    11. Schemes not tailored for suiting the illiterate and non-technocratic masses.
    12. By the end of the 2050s, India’s beneficial demographic dividend will be closing and the rising old age population will be a reality. This category of citizens needs a holistic policy with visionary guidelines and sufficient funding to make our governance structure ready for it. States like Kerala, Tamilnadu which have good rural and primary health facilities are initiating coordinated Geriatric care which is a welcome initiative.

    There needs to be a re-modelling of existing schemes and laws. Old age welfare by social security should not be accorded a peripheral position in the governance sphere and a Centre-state continuous discussion forum is needed. Recent amendments to Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (Amendment) Bill, 2019 is a welcome initiative.

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Laksh Verma
  • 0
Laksh VermaBegginer
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze the financial obstacles that older people must overcome to maintain their financial security and well-being, including insufficient pensions, restricted access to financial services, and job hurdles. Also, evaluate the measures taken by the government to address these issues.

upsc: elderly
  1. Vaibhav Mishra
    Vaibhav Mishra Begginer

    The economic challenges faced by the elderly are significant and multifaceted, including issues related to inadequate pensions, limited access to financial services, and barriers to employment. Here’s a detailed examination of these challenges and an assessment of government efforts to ensure financRead more

    The economic challenges faced by the elderly are significant and multifaceted, including issues related to inadequate pensions, limited access to financial services, and barriers to employment. Here’s a detailed examination of these challenges and an assessment of government efforts to ensure financial security and economic well-being for the elderly:

    Economic Challenges Faced by the Elderly

    1. Inadequate Pensions:
      • Low Pension Amounts: Many pension schemes provide only a modest income, which may not be sufficient to cover the basic living expenses of elderly individuals. This is particularly challenging for those who have spent their lives in the informal sector or have low-paying jobs.
      • Limited Coverage: Not all elderly individuals have access to pension schemes, especially those who have not been part of formal employment systems or have migrated from rural to urban areas without adequate documentation.
    2. Limited Access to Financial Services:
      • Banking Access: Elderly individuals, especially those living in rural areas, may face difficulties in accessing banking services due to a lack of financial literacy, physical accessibility issues, or insufficient banking infrastructure.
      • Credit and Loans: Access to credit and loans can be limited for elderly persons due to concerns about their ability to repay or lack of collateral. This can restrict their ability to manage financial needs or invest in opportunities.
    3. Barriers to Employment:
      • Discrimination: Elderly individuals may face age discrimination in the job market, making it difficult for them to find employment or continue working beyond retirement age.
      • Physical Limitations: Age-related physical and health issues can limit the types of work that elderly individuals can perform, reducing their opportunities for continued employment.

    Government Efforts to Address Economic Challenges

    1. Pension Schemes and Financial Assistance:
      • Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): This scheme provides financial assistance to elderly individuals who are below the poverty line, offering a monthly pension to help meet basic needs.
      • National Pension System (NPS): The NPS is a voluntary pension scheme aimed at providing a steady income for retirees through a combination of savings and investments.
      • Social Security Schemes: Various state-level and central government schemes provide financial support and assistance to elderly individuals, including the Senior Citizens Savings Scheme (SCSS) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY).
    2. Financial Inclusion Programs:
      • Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): This financial inclusion scheme aims to provide access to banking services for all, including elderly individuals, through the establishment of no-frills bank accounts.
      • Digital Literacy Programs: Initiatives to improve digital literacy among the elderly help them access online banking and financial services more easily.
    3. Employment Support and Opportunities:
      • Skill Development: Government programs aimed at skill development and vocational training may help elderly individuals gain new skills and improve their employability.
      • Senior Citizen Employment Programs: Some states have initiatives to provide job opportunities and support for elderly individuals who wish to continue working.

    Assessment of Government Efforts

    1. Strengths:
      • Increased Coverage: Pension schemes like IGNOAPS and NPS have expanded coverage and provided financial support to many elderly individuals, improving their economic security.
      • Financial Inclusion: Programs like PMJDY and digital literacy initiatives have enhanced access to financial services for elderly individuals, promoting greater financial inclusion.
      • Support for Employment: Skill development programs and employment support initiatives have helped some elderly individuals remain active in the workforce or pursue new opportunities.
    2. Challenges and Gaps:
      • Insufficient Pension Amounts: Pension amounts under various schemes may still be inadequate to cover the full range of expenses faced by elderly individuals, particularly in urban areas with higher living costs.
      • Limited Reach: Not all elderly individuals benefit from financial inclusion programs due to a lack of awareness, accessibility issues, or bureaucratic hurdles.
      • Discrimination and Barriers: Age discrimination in the job market and physical limitations can continue to restrict employment opportunities for elderly individuals, despite existing support programs.

    Recommendations for Improvement

    1. Increase Pension Amounts: Review and adjust pension amounts to ensure they meet the basic needs of elderly individuals, particularly in areas with higher living costs. Explore options for universal basic income for the elderly.
    2. Expand Financial Inclusion: Enhance efforts to improve financial literacy and access to banking services among the elderly, particularly in rural areas. Simplify banking processes and provide support for digital literacy.
    3. Address Employment Barriers: Develop policies to combat age discrimination in the job market and create job opportunities tailored to the skills and abilities of elderly individuals. Support flexible work arrangements and part-time employment options.
    4. Improve Coverage: Ensure that pension and financial assistance schemes reach all eligible elderly individuals, including those in informal sectors and rural areas. Reduce bureaucratic barriers and improve the accessibility of application processes.

    Conclusion

    Elderly individuals in India face significant economic challenges, including inadequate pensions, limited access to financial services, and barriers to employment. While government initiatives have made progress in addressing these issues, there remain gaps in coverage, adequacy, and accessibility. By addressing these challenges and building on existing efforts, the government can enhance financial security and economic well-being for the elderly, helping them to lead dignified and fulfilling lives.

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Vaishali Singh
  • 0
Vaishali SinghBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how the National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly and the National Policy on Older Persons, 2999, are being implemented, and note any gaps or difficulties in guaranteeing their impact and effectiveness.

upsc: elderly
  1. Mihir Jain
    Mihir Jain Begginer

    Evaluating the implementation of the National Policy on Older Persons (1999) and the National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) involves assessing their effectiveness, reach, and impact. Here's a breakdown of how these policies have been implemented, and the gaps and challenges thRead more

    Evaluating the implementation of the National Policy on Older Persons (1999) and the National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) involves assessing their effectiveness, reach, and impact. Here’s a breakdown of how these policies have been implemented, and the gaps and challenges they face:

    National Policy on Older Persons (1999)
    Objectives:

    Ensure the welfare of older persons through various means such as social security, health care, and community support.
    Promote active aging and protect older persons from abuse and neglect.
    Achievements:

    Awareness and Advocacy: The policy has increased awareness about the needs of older persons and advocated for their rights.
    Schemes and Services: Various schemes such as old-age pensions and subsidized health care have been introduced.
    Institutional Framework: Establishment of institutions and departments dedicated to elderly care and welfare.
    Gaps and Challenges:

    Implementation Consistency: Variation in implementation across states due to differences in resources and priorities.
    Funding and Resources: Inadequate funding and resources allocated for the comprehensive implementation of the policy.
    Data and Monitoring: Lack of robust data collection and monitoring mechanisms to assess the impact and effectiveness of policies.
    National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE)
    Objectives:

    Improve the quality of life for elderly individuals through accessible health care services.
    Integrate elderly care into the general health care system and provide specialized services.
    Achievements:

    Health Services Integration: Development of specialized geriatric care services and integration with the general health care system.
    Training and Capacity Building: Training of health care professionals in geriatric care.
    Infrastructure Development: Establishment of geriatric departments in hospitals and health centers.
    Gaps and Challenges:

    Infrastructure Deficiencies: Insufficient infrastructure and equipment for specialized geriatric care, especially in rural areas.
    Human Resource Constraints: Shortage of trained geriatric professionals and lack of ongoing training programs.
    Awareness and Accessibility: Limited awareness about available services and barriers to access, particularly in remote areas.
    General Recommendations:
    Enhanced Funding: Increase financial allocation to ensure comprehensive implementation and expansion of services.
    Data Collection and Monitoring: Develop robust systems for data collection, monitoring, and evaluation to track progress and identify areas needing improvement.
    Capacity Building: Expand training programs for health care professionals and increase the number of specialized personnel in geriatric care.
    Awareness Campaigns: Conduct widespread awareness campaigns to educate the public about available services and encourage utilization.
    Strengthen Infrastructure: Improve infrastructure and equipment in health care facilities, particularly in underserved areas.
    By addressing these gaps and challenges, the effectiveness of the National Policy on Older Persons and the NPHCE can be significantly improved, ensuring better reach and impact for elderly individuals.

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Aadhav Murthy
  • 0
Aadhav MurthyLearner
Asked: July 18, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the circumstances surrounding older people with disabilities, who encounter intersectional barriers while trying to access social assistance, healthcare, and rehabilitation programs. Also, assess the government’s initiatives to meet their unique requirements.

upsc: elderly
  1. Mihir Jain
    Mihir Jain Begginer

    Elderly persons with disabilities face a complex array of challenges that are compounded by their intersecting identities and needs. Their situation requires a nuanced approach to ensure they have adequate access to healthcare, rehabilitation, and social welfare schemes. Here's an analysis of theirRead more

    Elderly persons with disabilities face a complex array of challenges that are compounded by their intersecting identities and needs. Their situation requires a nuanced approach to ensure they have adequate access to healthcare, rehabilitation, and social welfare schemes. Here’s an analysis of their situation and an evaluation of the government’s efforts:

    Situation of Elderly Persons with Disabilities
    Healthcare Access:

    Barrier to Services: Elderly individuals with disabilities often face barriers such as physical inaccessibility of healthcare facilities, inadequate transportation, and lack of tailored medical care.
    Complex Health Needs: They may have multiple, chronic health conditions that require integrated and specialized care, which can be difficult to manage within existing healthcare systems.
    Rehabilitation Services:

    Limited Availability: Access to appropriate rehabilitation services can be limited, particularly in rural or underserved areas. There may be a lack of specialized professionals and facilities.
    High Costs: Rehabilitation services can be expensive and not always covered by insurance or social welfare schemes, making them inaccessible for many elderly individuals with disabilities.
    Social Welfare Schemes:

    Inadequate Coverage: Social welfare schemes may not always adequately address the specific needs of elderly persons with disabilities, such as personalized care or adaptive equipment.
    Complex Application Processes: The application processes for welfare schemes can be complex and difficult for elderly persons with disabilities to navigate, particularly if they have cognitive impairments or lack support.
    Intersectional Challenges
    Physical and Cognitive Limitations:

    Accessibility Issues: Facilities and services may not be designed to accommodate physical disabilities, such as wheelchairs or mobility aids. Cognitive impairments can further complicate the ability to access and use services.
    Communication Barriers: For those with sensory impairments (e.g., hearing or vision loss), communication with healthcare providers and social services can be challenging.
    Economic Barriers:

    Limited Financial Resources: Many elderly persons with disabilities may have limited financial resources, exacerbated by reduced earning capacity and higher healthcare costs.
    Poverty and Social Exclusion: Disability and age-related factors can lead to increased risk of poverty and social exclusion, making it harder to afford necessary services and support.
    Social and Psychological Factors:

    Stigma and Isolation: Social stigma and isolation can negatively impact mental health and well-being, further complicating access to and utilization of healthcare and social services.
    Lack of Support Networks: Limited family support and social networks can hinder access to services and reduce the effectiveness of available support systems.
    Evaluation of Government Efforts
    Strengths:

    Policy Framework:

    Legislative Measures: Governments have enacted various laws and policies aimed at improving the rights and welfare of elderly persons with disabilities, such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act.
    Inclusion Initiatives: Policies promoting the inclusion of persons with disabilities in healthcare and social welfare systems have been established.
    Programs and Schemes:

    Subsidies and Financial Assistance: Financial assistance programs, pensions, and subsidies are available to support elderly persons with disabilities.
    Specialized Services: Some governments have introduced specialized services and programs tailored to the needs of elderly persons with disabilities, such as adaptive devices and accessible facilities.
    Challenges:

    Implementation Gaps:

    Inconsistent Application: There is often inconsistency in the implementation of policies and programs across regions, leading to disparities in access and quality of services.
    Resource Constraints: Limited resources and funding can affect the availability and quality of specialized services and rehabilitation programs.
    Accessibility Issues:

    Infrastructure Limitations: Many healthcare facilities and social service centers are not fully accessible, and there may be insufficient focus on the needs of elderly persons with disabilities.
    Awareness and Training: There may be a lack of awareness and training among healthcare providers and social workers about the specific needs of elderly persons with disabilities.
    Bureaucratic Challenges:

    Complex Processes: The application processes for social welfare and healthcare services can be complicated and difficult to navigate, particularly for those with cognitive or physical impairments.
    Coordination Issues: Effective coordination between various government departments and agencies is often lacking, which can result in fragmented and inefficient service delivery.
    Recommendations for Improvement
    Enhance Accessibility:

    Infrastructure Improvements: Ensure that healthcare facilities and social service centers are fully accessible to elderly persons with disabilities.
    Adaptive Services: Develop and promote adaptive services and technologies to support the specific needs of elderly persons with disabilities.
    Simplify Processes:

    Streamline Applications: Simplify the application processes for social welfare and healthcare services to make them more accessible to elderly persons with disabilities.
    Provide Assistance: Offer assistance with navigation and application processes for those who face difficulties.
    Increase Funding and Resources:

    Allocate Resources: Increase funding for specialized services and rehabilitation programs, and ensure equitable distribution of resources across regions.
    Support Training: Invest in training programs for healthcare providers and social workers to better address the needs of elderly persons with disabilities.
    Promote Awareness and Inclusion:

    Public Awareness Campaigns: Conduct campaigns to raise awareness about the needs and rights of elderly persons with disabilities.
    Foster Social Inclusion: Implement programs to reduce stigma and promote social inclusion, providing a supportive environment for elderly persons with disabilities.
    By addressing these areas, the government can better support elderly persons with disabilities, improving their access to healthcare, rehabilitation, and social welfare schemes and ensuring they receive the care and support they need.

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Rupali Sharma
  • 1
Rupali SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

What difficulties do older people in a youthful population like India face? Describe the main policy provisions that are targeted at this particular population category.

upsc: elderly
  1. Anil Bhargav
    Anil Bhargav Begginer

    According to the Census 2011, India has nearly 8% population having age 60 years or above. Economic Survey 2019 highlights that while India as a whole will enjoy the 'demographic dividend' phase, some states will start transitioning to a to an ageing society by the 2030s, and the share of the elderlRead more

    According to the Census 2011, India has nearly 8% population having age 60 years or above. Economic Survey 2019 highlights that while India as a whole will enjoy the ‘demographic dividend’ phase, some states will start transitioning to a to an ageing society by the 2030s, and the share of the elderly in India will continue to rise steadily to nearly double to 16% by 2041.

    Challenges faced by the elderly population in India:

    • Breakdown of traditional support structures: Increasing nuclearization of families, number of cases of neglect, crime, exploitation, and abandonment of parents and senior citizens are on the rise.
    • Psychological problems: These include a feeling of powerlessness, inferiority, depression, uselessness, isolation, etc.
    • Inaccessible healthcare facilities: There are gaps in the geriatric medical ecosystem, with limited manpower, ill-developed health infrastructure, lack of insurance, etc. Facilities provided by the government such as old age homes are in dilapidated conditions.
    • Lack of social security: A meagre assistance of Rs 200 (up to 79 years) and Rs 500 (above 80 years) is given through Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS).
    • Rural-urban disparity: Most of the facilities such as day-care centres, counselling centres etc. are in urban areas and are inaccessible for the elderly population in rural areas. On the other hand, due to the migration of young from rural areas, the relative population of old people is higher in rural areas.
    • Feminization of elderly: As per Census data, the sex ratio of the elderly has increased from 938 women in 1971 to 1,033 in 2011 with a predominance of widowed and highly dependent very old women.

    Taking into account the demographic explosion among the elderly, the changing economy and social milieu, advancement in medical research, science and technology and high levels of destitution among the elderly rural poor, a National Policy on Senior citizens was adopted in 2011. Other key policy provisions in this context are:

    • Income security in old age: To achieve this, financial assistance would be provided through IGNOAPS, food through PDS, concession in tax and loans at reasonable rates. Schemes like Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY) and Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY) were started in 2017 for the same.
    • Healthcare: Efforts would be made to strengthen the family system so that it continues to play the role of primary caregiver in old age. In that direction, Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 is to be strengthened. Also, special programs will be developed for their mental and physical health. Therefore, National Program for Healthcare of Elderly (NPHCE) and Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (2017) has been started.
    • Housing: Ten percent of housing schemes for urban and rural lower income segments will be earmarked for senior citizens. Priority is given to families with senior citizens in PMAY. Shelter/old age homes are given grants under the Integrated Program for Older Persons (IPOP).
    • Productive ageing: The policy will promote measures to create avenues for continuity in employment and/or post retirement opportunities.

    The government should create an environment that provides senior citizens with equal opportunities, protects their rights and enables their full participation in society so that this potential ‘elderly burden’ converts into a ‘longevity dividend’. This will require investments in health care as well as a plan for increasing the retirement age.

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