Model Answer

Introduction

Globalization, as a transnational phenomenon, has significantly influenced various aspects of life in contemporary India, particularly the family size, structure, and relationships. The integration into the global market has brought about both positive and negative changes in family life.

Changes in Family Size and Structure

With globalization, Indian families have transitioned from traditional joint family systems to smaller nuclear households. The average family size has decreased, with many couples opting for one or two children. This shift has led to the emergence of modified extended families, where nuclear families maintain autonomy while still connecting with other relatives (Sharma, 2018).

Empowered Status of Women

The influx of women into the workforce and their rising educational attainment have transformed family dynamics. Increased family incomes and decreased reliance on male breadwinners have empowered women, yet this has also created tensions around traditional gender roles. As a result, there has been a rise in divorce rates and an increase in the average age of marriage (Nair, 2020).

Changing Demographics

Lower fertility rates and delayed marriages are reshaping the demographic landscape of India. This trend poses challenges, such as an aging population and shifts in demographic composition, which could have long-term implications for societal structures (World Bank, 2021).

Individualism and Changing Relationships

The younger generation prioritizes individual interests over collective family needs, fostering a culture of individualism. This shift is evident in changing definitions of marriage, with the rise of live-in relationships and same-sex marriages becoming more accepted (Choudhry, 2019).

Weakening Family Bonds

Globalization has contributed to the weakening of family bonds. Fast-paced lifestyles, increased mobility, and the outsourcing of caregiving roles have diminished emotional connections among family members. Responsibilities such as child-rearing and elder care are increasingly handled by external agencies instead of within the family (Kumar, 2017).

Conclusion

While globalization offers opportunities for empowerment and change, it also poses challenges to traditional family structures in India. Decisions regarding employment, marriage, and caregiving continue to be influenced by local culture, reflecting a complex interplay between globalization and family dynamics.

Model Answer

Introduction

The quest for effective mental healthcare is fraught with challenges, especially in our globalized world where various factors impact mental well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is essential for coping with life stresses and contributing to community (WHO, 2021).

Diverse Influencing Factors

Migration

Migrants face significant mental health challenges, including loneliness, cultural dislocation, and racism. These factors can lead to increased anxiety and depression (Bhugra, 2005).

Economic Factors

Low socio-economic status correlates with higher psychiatric morbidity. The competitive nature of modern society further exacerbates stress, particularly among youth (Marmot, 2005).

Changing Relationships

The decline of joint family systems has left many individuals without essential support networks, leading to increased marital stress and difficulty in forming new interpersonal relationships (Kumar, 2018).

Social Media Influence

The rise of social media has contributed to increased anxiety and depression among young people due to addiction and a culture of comparison that disrupts sleep and alters behavior (Twenge et al., 2017).

Systemic Challenges in India

Despite initiatives like the National Mental Health Program, significant barriers remain:

Stigma

Stigma surrounding mental health prevents individuals from seeking help, leading to isolation and worsening conditions (Corrigan, 2004).

Resource Shortages

India has a severe shortage of mental health professionals, with only 0.75 psychiatrists per 100,000 people, far below the WHO recommended ratio of three (WHO, 2017).

Inadequate Training

The training of healthcare providers often fails to meet the demand for specialized mental health care, limiting effective treatment options (Reddy, 2016).

Funding Issues

Less than 40% of allocated funds for mental health initiatives have been utilized, demonstrating a lack of commitment to addressing these critical issues (National Mental Health Survey, 2016).

Conclusion

Addressing mental health care in a globalized context requires a multifaceted approach that recognizes the diverse needs of populations. Policy measures must be tailored to address socio-economic and cultural factors, promoting an inclusive and effective mental health system.

Model Answer

Globalization, through economic and cultural integration, has significantly influenced India’s socio-cultural landscape. It has introduced new practices while reshaping traditional norms.

1. Dietary Changes

• Positive Impact: Enrichment of food culture with diverse cuisines.
• Negative Impact: Increased consumption of fast food and processed items, leading to health issues like obesity and diabetes.
• Fact: India has seen a rise in lifestyle diseases linked to dietary globalization.

2. Family Dynamics

• Change: A shift from traditional joint families to nuclear family structures due to urbanization and changing lifestyles.
• Fact: This transition reflects modern aspirations but impacts the support system inherent in joint families.

3. Marriage Practices

• Traditional to Modern: Arranged marriages are increasingly being replaced by self-chosen unions and live-in relationships, especially in urban areas.
• Fact: Metropolitan cities lead this cultural shift, reflecting changing values among younger generations.

4. Dilution of Patriarchy

• Progress: Enhanced educational and employment opportunities for women have challenged patriarchal norms.
• Fact: Women’s participation in India’s workforce and higher education is gradually rising, influenced by global perspectives.

5. Tribal Handicrafts

• Boost in Demand: Globalization and tourism have popularized India’s traditional handicrafts internationally.
• Fact: Indian handicraft exports reached $4.35 billion in 2021-22, a 25.7% increase from 2020-21.

6. Revival of Yoga

• Global Influence: Yoga’s popularity has surged worldwide, supported by international recognition.
• Fact: The celebration of International Yoga Day highlights its global appeal.

7. Festivals and Celebrations

• Cultural Exchange: Western celebrations like Valentine’s Day are gaining traction in India, while Indian festivals like Holi and Diwali attract global enthusiasts.

8. Entertainment

• Mutual Appreciation: Indian cinema, as seen with the global success of films like RRR, has gained international fans. Meanwhile, Indians embrace Hollywood, K-pop, and Western music genres.

Conclusion

Globalization has both enriched and transformed India’s socio-cultural practices. While it fosters cultural exchange, efforts to preserve India’s traditional heritage are essential for maintaining its identity amidst global influences.

Model Answer

Religion and Globalization in Indian Society

The relationship between religion and globalization is mutually reinforcing in Indian society, with both influencing and strengthening each other in various ways.

Religion Reinforcing Globalization

1. Historical Spread of Religions: Religion has historically been a driving force in globalization. Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism have spread across the world, particularly to East and Southeast Asia. This movement contributed to a cross-cultural exchange, reinforcing global interconnectedness.
   Example: The spread of Buddhism to countries like Thailand, Japan, and Sri Lanka facilitated cultural exchanges that contributed to regional globalization.
2. Religion as Soft Power: India’s religious influence can be seen in its use of religion as soft power. Religious diplomacy through cultural exchanges, dialogues, and summits promotes international cooperation.
   Example: The Global Buddhist Summit organized by the Ministry of Culture fosters international dialogue, connecting India’s religious heritage with global communities.
3. Religious Tourism: Pilgrimage sites and religious festivals contribute significantly to India’s globalization by attracting international visitors. Religious tourism fosters cultural exchange and global connections.
   Example: The Kumbh Mela attracts millions, including international tourists, strengthening India’s global presence and people-to-people relations.

Globalization Reinforcing Religion

1. Global Outreach of Spiritual Leaders: Social media and digital platforms allow Indian spiritual leaders to reach a global audience, helping to spread Indian philosophies worldwide.
   Example: Figures like Sri Sri Ravi Shankar and Sadhguru have gained significant followings outside India, with their teachings reaching millions globally.
2. Preservation of Religious Heritage: Globalization has led to the recognition and preservation of India’s religious sites and practices, aiding in their global exposure.
   Example: UNESCO World Heritage sites such as the temples of Khajuraho and Bodh Gaya attract both spiritual seekers and tourists.
3. Religious Revivalism: Globalization has revitalized religious practices through media, especially devotional TV channels and online content, reaching both national and international audiences.
   Example: Channels like Aastha and Sanskar have gained popularity, broadcasting Indian religious content globally.
4. Diaspora Networks: The Indian diaspora plays a key role in maintaining and promoting religious practices abroad, creating cultural and religious bridges between India and the world.
   Example: Diwali celebrations at the White House demonstrate the cultural influence of the Indian diaspora.

In conclusion, both religion and globalization in India reinforce each other by facilitating cultural exchanges, spreading religious beliefs globally, and reviving interest in religious practices worldwide.