Roadmap for Answer Writing I. Introduction Definition of Mineral Oil Distribution: Explain the concept of uneven distribution of mineral oil and its global context. Importance: Briefly state why understanding its implications is critical for global economics, politics, and the environment. II. Economic Implications A. Dependence ...
The diversion of the part of the course of a river by another river is called stream diversion stream/river capture or stream piracy. River capture is a natural process, which is more active in the youthful stage of the valley development because the streams are actively engaged in headward erosionRead more
The diversion of the part of the course of a river by another river is called stream diversion stream/river capture or stream piracy. River capture is a natural process, which is more active in the youthful stage of the valley development because the streams are actively engaged in headward erosion and valley lengthening but it can also occur during mature and senile stages of the valley development through the process of lateral erosion and meander intersection. The drainage system refers to the origin and development of streams and their channels through time. It is believed that the present drainage system of the Himalayas is the outcome of progressive river piracy during various stages of drainage development. Headward erosion has been the most active process of river capture in the Himalayas. River capturing has been a frequent phenomenon in the evolution of the present drainage system of the Himalayas which can be understood with the help of the following examples:
- Yarlung Tsangpo was sequentially captured by the paleo-Red, Irrawaddy and Lohit Rivers, before its final capture by the Brahmaputra.
- The Arun Kosi, a head tributary of the Kosi River, has captured the Phung Cho, a southern tributary of the Tsangpo (the upper part of Brahmaputra) river.
- Two head tributaries of the Ganga e.g. the Bhagirathi and the Vishnuganga have captured the source tributaries of the Sutlej river.
- The deviation in the course of the Saraswati River is believed to be caused by river piracy. The headward erosion by the Yamuna cut the channel deeper and deeper eventually leading to the capture of the flow of the Saraswati.
- The water divide between the tributaries of the Song River (a tributary of the Ganga River) and the Asan River (a tributary of the Yamuna River) is only a few meters wide near Dehradun. It is expected that the Song river may capture the Asan river and thus the upper course of the Yamuna may be diverted to the Ganga via the Asan and the Song rivers.
In the initial stage of their development, most of the streams and their tributaries are engaged in active headward erosion resulting in continuous creeping or shifting of water divides and lengthening of their valley thalwegs. The stronger and more powerful streams (in terms of channel gradient, stream velocity discharge, and kinetic energy) capture the upper courses of weak and sluggish streams.
See less
Model Answer Introduction The distribution of mineral oil is highly uneven, with nearly half of the world’s proven reserves located in the Middle East, followed by significant reserves in Canada, the United States, and other regions. This disparity has far-reaching implications across multiple dimenRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The distribution of mineral oil is highly uneven, with nearly half of the world’s proven reserves located in the Middle East, followed by significant reserves in Canada, the United States, and other regions. This disparity has far-reaching implications across multiple dimensions.
Economic Implications
Dependence on Oil Exports
Countries rich in oil reserves often rely heavily on oil exports, making their economies vulnerable to fluctuations in oil prices. For instance, nations like Venezuela and Nigeria have faced severe economic crises due to volatile oil markets.
Resource Curse
The phenomenon known as the “resource curse” can afflict oil-dependent countries, leading to corruption and economic mismanagement. Countries like Angola have struggled with governance issues despite their abundant resources.
Unequal Distribution of Wealth
The concentration of oil wealth can exacerbate income inequality, creating social tensions. In oil-rich nations, wealth is often not distributed equitably, leading to disparities in income and living standards.
Political Implications
Geopolitical Tensions
Control over oil reserves can escalate geopolitical tensions. Countries like Iraq and Iran have faced conflicts partly due to their oil resources, influencing foreign policy and military actions.
Influence on International Relations
Oil-rich nations wield considerable influence in global politics, often using their resources as leverage in international negotiations. This creates power imbalances that can destabilize regions.
Environmental Implications
Environmental Degradation
Oil extraction and consumption contribute to significant environmental degradation, including air and water pollution. Regions like the Niger Delta have suffered severe ecological damage due to oil spills and drilling activities (Source: “Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction” by T. R. Williams).
Climate Change
The reliance on fossil fuels exacerbates climate change, contributing to global warming and environmental instability. Continued fossil fuel use is a major factor in rising greenhouse gas emissions.
Social Implications
Health and Safety Hazards
Communities near oil extraction sites face health risks from pollution and accidents. Studies indicate higher rates of respiratory diseases in populations living close to oil fields.
Social Inequality
The unequal distribution of oil wealth can further entrench social inequalities, leading to unrest and conflict within nations. This is evident in countries where wealth is concentrated among a small elite while the majority remain impoverished.
Conclusion
The uneven distribution of mineral oil has significant multi-dimensional implications for the global economy, geopolitics, and the environment. As reliance on oil continues, it is crucial to address these implications and seek sustainable alternatives to mitigate their long-term effects.
See less