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Home/upsc: disaster management/Page 5

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Dhruv Choudhary
  • 1
Dhruv ChoudharyBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 1

Analyze how community-based methods of disaster management have helped India’s vulnerable communities become more resilient.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Pranay Nair
    Pranay Nair Begginer

    Evaluating the Role of Community-Based Disaster Management Approaches in Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Populations in India 1. Introduction Community-based disaster management (CBDM) approaches emphasize the involvement of local communities in planning, implementing, and managing disaster riRead more

    Evaluating the Role of Community-Based Disaster Management Approaches in Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Populations in India

    1. Introduction

    Community-based disaster management (CBDM) approaches emphasize the involvement of local communities in planning, implementing, and managing disaster risk reduction and response efforts. These approaches are crucial for building resilience among vulnerable populations by leveraging local knowledge, resources, and capacities. This evaluation explores the role of CBDM in enhancing resilience in India, using recent examples to illustrate its effectiveness.

    2. Importance of Community-Based Disaster Management

    A. Enhancing Local Capacity and Ownership

    1. Local Knowledge and Expertise: CBDM approaches harness local knowledge and expertise, which are essential for understanding the specific vulnerabilities and needs of communities. For instance, the Coastal Odisha Cyclone Preparedness Programme involves local fishermen and coastal residents in disaster preparedness and response planning, utilizing their knowledge of local conditions and risks.

    2. Empowerment and Ownership: Engaging communities in disaster management fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment. The Kutch District in Gujarat has implemented community-based initiatives where local communities participate in risk assessment, planning, and response activities, leading to increased community engagement and effectiveness in disaster management.

    B. Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerabilities

    1. Customized Risk Reduction Measures: CBDM allows for the development of customized risk reduction measures tailored to local needs. The Maharashtra State Disaster Management Authority (MSDMA) collaborates with local communities to develop context-specific flood management strategies, such as constructing check dams and improving drainage systems in flood-prone areas.

    2. Strengthening Social Networks: CBDM approaches strengthen social networks and support systems, which are critical for effective disaster response and recovery. The Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) initiatives in Assam have focused on building local networks and training community members in emergency response, which has improved collective resilience.

    3. Recent Examples of Community-Based Disaster Management

    A. The Uttarakhand Floods (2013)

    1. Context and Response: The devastating floods in Uttarakhand in 2013 highlighted the need for community-based approaches in disaster management. Local communities played a crucial role in rescue operations and relief efforts, utilizing their knowledge of the terrain and local conditions.

    2. Implementation of CBDM: Post-flood, various CBDM initiatives were implemented, including the formation of Local Disaster Management Committees (LDMCs) and community-based early warning systems. These initiatives aimed to enhance local preparedness and response capacities, leading to more resilient communities in subsequent disaster events.

    B. The Kerala Floods (2018)

    1. Context and Response: The Kerala floods of 2018 were one of the worst floods in recent decades. Community-based efforts played a significant role in managing the crisis. Local volunteers and community groups were instrumental in rescue and relief operations, and their involvement helped in the rapid distribution of aid and resources.

    2. Implementation of CBDM: Following the floods, Kerala has focused on strengthening community-based disaster management through initiatives such as the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA), which involves local communities in flood preparedness and response planning. These efforts have included training community volunteers and setting up local disaster response teams.

    C. The Cyclone Fani (2019)

    1. Context and Response: Cyclone Fani, which struck Odisha in 2019, tested the effectiveness of community-based disaster management strategies. The state’s emphasis on involving local communities in disaster preparedness and response proved effective in mitigating the cyclone’s impact.

    2. Implementation of CBDM: The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) engaged local communities through awareness programs, evacuation drills, and the establishment of community shelters. This approach significantly improved the state’s preparedness and response, reducing casualties and damage.

    4. Recommendations for Enhancing Community-Based Disaster Management

    A. Strengthening Training and Capacity Building

    1. Comprehensive Training Programs: Developing comprehensive training programs for community members on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery can enhance their ability to manage disasters effectively. Training should include first aid, rescue operations, and risk assessment.

    2. Building Local Disaster Management Committees: Establishing and empowering Local Disaster Management Committees (LDMCs) can enhance community coordination and response capabilities. These committees should be supported with resources and training to perform their roles effectively.

    B. Enhancing Integration with Government and Non-Governmental Organizations

    1. Collaboration with Government Agencies: Strengthening collaboration between community-based organizations and government agencies can improve the coordination and effectiveness of disaster management efforts. Government agencies should support community initiatives through funding, technical assistance, and policy support.

    2. Engaging Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs play a crucial role in supporting community-based disaster management. Collaborating with NGOs for training, resource mobilization, and technical support can enhance the effectiveness of community-based approaches.

    C. Leveraging Technology and Innovation

    1. Utilizing Early Warning Systems: Implementing community-based early warning systems using technology, such as mobile alerts and automated weather stations, can improve disaster preparedness. Integrating these systems with local knowledge can enhance their effectiveness.

    2. Promoting Innovative Solutions: Encouraging the development and adoption of innovative solutions, such as community-driven risk maps and digital platforms for information sharing, can enhance disaster management efforts.

    5. Conclusion

    Community-based disaster management approaches are vital for building the resilience of vulnerable populations in India. By leveraging local knowledge, fostering community ownership, and strengthening social networks, these approaches contribute to effective disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Recent examples such as the Uttarakhand floods, Kerala floods, and Cyclone Fani illustrate the positive impact of community-based initiatives. Enhancing training, improving collaboration with government and NGOs, and leveraging technology can further strengthen community-based disaster management and contribute to more resilient communities across India.

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Sangeeta rathor
  • 1
Sangeeta rathorBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Describe the Indian institutional architecture for disaster management.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Rubi Gautam
    Rubi Gautam Begginer

    Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure and from a relief-based approach to a 'multi-dimensional pro- active holistic approach for reducing risk'. The current institutional framework is characterized by following mechaRead more

    Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure and from a relief-based approach to a ‘multi-dimensional pro- active holistic approach for reducing risk’.

    The current institutional framework is characterized by following mechanisms:

    • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): The National Disaster Management Act, 2005 Act provides for the setting up of NDMA at national level, and, the SDMA at the state level and the DDMAs at the district level.
      • NDMA is the apex body for disaster management, which has the responsibility for laying down the policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management. The guidelines of NDMA assist the Central Ministries, Departments, and States to formulate their respective Disaster Management (DM) plans.
    • National Executive Committee (NEC): It acts as the coordinating and monitoring body for disaster management. The NEC may give directions to the relevant Ministries/Departments of the Centre, the State Governments, and the State Authorities regarding measures to be taken by them in response to any specific threatening disaster situation or disaster as per needs of the State.
    • National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR): A multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was constituted to include stakeholders including people representing different interests in the field of disaster management apart from centre and state governments.
    • National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): It is the nodal agency responsible for human resource development, capacity building, training, research, documentation and policy advocacy in the field of disaster management. .
    • National Disaster Response Force (NDRF): The NDRF is a specialist response force that can be deployed in a threatening disaster situation or disaster.
    • The National Disaster Management Plan, 2016: It provides a framework and direction to the government agencies for all phases of the disaster management cycle. It provides for a comprehensive plan for different hazards with role and function clarity of all authorities involved.

    Similar structures exist at the State and District level for tackling disaster managements. These include State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), State Executive Committee and District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). Need of the hour is to ensure effective functioning of these mechanisms by overcoming their various shortcomings like hierarchical, bureaucratic, command and control, ‘top down’, approach that gives the central, state, and district authorities sweeping powers. Going forward, India can also work on institutionalizing mechanisms for community-based disaster management, disaster resilient infrastructure etc. Further, issues like having no concrete plan or policy for anticipating requirements and mobilisation of funds, lack of trained manpower need to be resolved for the purpose of effective disaster management.

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Rajesh Meena
  • 1
Rajesh MeenaBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

What does Disaster Risk Reduction mean to you? How can development planning incorporate disaster risk reduction?

upsc: disaster management
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims at reducing the vulnerability of communities to disasters and enhancing their capacity to cope with and recover from disasters. India's Disaster Risk Reduction efforts have yiRead more

    Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims at reducing the vulnerability of communities to disasters and enhancing their capacity to cope with and recover from disasters.

    India’s Disaster Risk Reduction efforts have yielded significant results 38.8 million people covered under National Disaster Management Plan, 14,000+ villages flood mapped and 100 plus early warning systems. Cyclone Fani evacuation saved 1.2 million lives, reducing casualties by 95% compared to 1999. Kerala floods rescue operations saved 4.5 lakh people, minimizing losses.

    Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Planning – 

    1. Organizational structures and frameworks enables coordinated disaster management. example – effective DRR institutional arrangements facilitated Odisha’s successful evacuation of 1.2 million people during Cyclone Fani.
    2. Policy and legislative framework comprises laws, policies and guidelines guiding disaster management. example – Disaster Management Act (2005),National Disaster Management Policy (2009).
    3. Assessment and mapping identifies and evaluates hazards, vulnerabilities and risks.example-Flood Hazard Mapping (FHM).
    4. Development sectors incorporates risk reduction measures into sectors like infrastructure, agriculture, health and education.example-flood resistant roads and bridges.
    5. Community engagement and participation involves empowering communities to take ownership of risk reduction through awareness, training and involvement.example-Village disaster management committees.
    6. Financing and resource allocation ensures dedicated funds for risk reduction measures. example – National Disaster Risk Management Fund (NDRMF).
    7. Capacity building and training enhances skills and knowledge of stakeholders.

     

    Effective Disaster Risk Reduction measures save lives, mitigate losses and foster resilience. India’s proactive approach through policy, institutional frameworks and community engagement serves as a model.

     

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Kanhiya Lal
  • 1
Kanhiya LalBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In: ,
  • 1

Evaluate India’s seismic susceptibility and recommend ways to make the country more earthquake resilient.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    The Indian subcontinent is one of the most earthquake prone regions of the world. In the last few decades, India has witnessed many devastating earthquakes e.g. Kashmir 2005, Gujarat 2001 and Uttarkashi 1991, which caused significant loss of human life as well as physical infrastructure. India's vulRead more

    The Indian subcontinent is one of the most earthquake prone regions of the world. In the last few decades, India has witnessed many devastating earthquakes e.g. Kashmir 2005, Gujarat 2001 and Uttarkashi 1991, which caused significant loss of human life as well as physical infrastructure.

    India’s vulnerability to earthquakes

    • Huge area prone to Earthquake: An Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), showed that about 56% area of India is vulnerable to moderate to major earthquakes where about 82% of the population live. About 12% of the land is liable to severe earthquake shaking.
    • Geographical location: The reasons for high magnitude earthquakes in India are hidden in the tectonic setting of India. The Indian plate is pushing against the Eurasian plate at a rate of approximately 45 mm/year and rotating slowly anticlockwise. The entire Himalayan Region is considered to be vulnerable to high intensity earthquakes as it lies at the boundary of two converging plates.
    • Human-induced seismicity: Vulnerability to earthquakes increases due to several human actions such as
      • Construction of unscientific dams, mining, water reservoir impoundment and power projects in areas prone to earthquakes.
      • Inadequate attention to earthquake resistant construction standards in vulnerable areas. For instance, the proposed Pancheshwar dam project on the India-Nepal border is a large-scale project in the geologically sensitive Himalayan area.
    • Indirect vulnerabilities: The earthquakes also have some serious and far-reaching consequences. For example, earthquakes are also responsible for landslides, soil liquefaction and other calamities in the affected areas.

    Measures for better resilience to earthquakes

    • Earthquake zone blueprint: There is a need to prepare a vulnerability map of the country based on different intensities of earthquakes. The vulnerability risk information should be disseminated among the people and they should be educated about the ways and means of minimising the adverse impacts of disasters.
    • Monitoring and identifying the gaps in the existing seismic risk assessment methods: Establishing earthquake monitoring centres (seismological centres) for regular monitoring in the vulnerable areas. Use of Geographical Positioning System (GPS) can be of great help in monitoring the movement of tectonic plates.
    • Prioritizing Action Plan: Prioritize the cities and regions based on the severity of risk for implementing mitigation programs using the EDRI model. There is a need for formal training among professionals in earthquake-resistant construction practices.
    • Earthquake-proof planning and design of buildings: Make it mandatory to adopt earthquake-resistant designs in the vulnerable areas. There should be proper monitoring and enforcement of earthquake-resistant building codes and town planning by-laws.
    • Technological solution: The new technological solution must be adopted to make houses earthquakes resilient as well as predicting patterns of earthquake occurrences.
    • Periodical drills & awareness: Disaster like earthquakes cannot be preempted and hence people should be ready to handle any kind of situation. This is possible if periodic drills and mock exercises are conducted. People’s participation, cooperation and awareness are the key to success.

    Unlike other disasters, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of earthquakes; hence, the only Olution to minimise loss of lives and properties is effective disaster preparedness and mitigation gainst them. It is thus necessary to empower communities to ensure the seismic safety of the built mvironment by encouraging the use of simple, easy and affordable technical solutions and stitutional arrangements.

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Rubi Gautam
  • 2
Rubi GautamBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 2

Enumerate the causes of the latest locust attacks that have occurred in and around India, as well as the dangers that they bring. List the actions India has made to address this issue as well.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Raudas Singh
    Raudas Singh Begginer

    India recently witnessed invasion of vast swathes of land by swarms of desert locusts, which entered India from the western side via Pakistan's Sindh province. The desert locusts usually breed in areas in the countries along the eastern coast of Africa in a region known as the Horn of Africa. The reRead more

    India recently witnessed invasion of vast swathes of land by swarms of desert locusts, which entered India from the western side via Pakistan’s Sindh province. The desert locusts usually breed in areas in the countries along the eastern coast of Africa in a region known as the Horn of Africa.

    The reasons for these locust attacks are

    • Indian Ocean Dipole: Positive Indian Ocean dipole made the western Indian Ocean particularly warm and consequently led to greater precipitation.
      • Heavy rain (wettest rainfall season in over four decades in East Africa) triggered the growth of vegetation in arid areas where desert locusts could grow and breed.
    • Cyclones: The cyclonic storms Mekunu and Luban that struck Oman and Yemen in 2018 respectively transformed the empty desert tracts into large lakes providing damp soils where the locust swarms bred.
    • Wind Movement: Locusts generally are known to be passive flyers, who generally follow the wind. The low-pressure area created by Cyclone Amphan in the Bay of Bengal strengthened the westerly winds, which aided the movement of the locusts into South Asia.

    Threat posed by the locust attacks

    • Crop damage: One square km swarm can eat as much food as 35000 people in a day. The recent desert locust attack has wiped out crops spread over 5,00,000 hectares in Rajasthan. It poses a serious threat to India’s food security in the recent future. They also destroy forest and urban vegetation areas if they are unable to find crops to feed.
    • Allergies: Locust swarms often create allergens that aggravate allergies.
    • Air travel: Generally, locusts are found at lower levels and therefore pose a threat to aircrafts especially in the critical landing and take-off phase of the flight.
    • Pollution and Human Health: Use of pesticides such as Malathion 96 and Chlorpyrifos to thwart the probem of locust contributes to soil and water pollution.

    Both are extremely toxic and a high level of exposure to the pesticides may cause nausea, dizziness and even death. In India, Locust Warning Organisation (LWO), under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, is responsible for monitoring, survey and control of Desert Locust in Scheduled Desert Areas mainly in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The steps taken by India to tackle the threat of locust attack include:

    • Several Locust Circle Offices and temporary camps have been established to control and monitor the attack in coordination with District Administration and agriculture field machinery of affected states.
    • Drones are used to spray pesticides on tall trees and inaccessible places for effective control of locusts.
    • The Centre has compensated some of the farmers who suffered losses from the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) Fund.
    • Hindustan Insecticides Limited is now in the process of production and supply of 25MT Malathion for supply to locust control programme to Iran under Government to Government arrangement.

    As the recent locust attack has shown that India’s food security remains vulnerable to such events, India needs to deeply engage with other regional countries like Pakistan and Iran to effectively tackle such future locust attacks by taking mitigating steps in the breeding grounds of these locusts itself.

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Lakshmi Devi
  • 1
Lakshmi DeviBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
  • 1

Numerous chemical accidents, such as the Bhopal gas tragedy and the Visakhapatnam gas leak, have highlighted the dangers associated with hazardous chemicals (HAZCHEM) in India. Talk about the shortcomings and level of readiness for Chemical Disaster Management (CDM) in India ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Babita Singh
    Babita Singh Begginer

    The Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984 is the amongst the worst chemical disaster in history, where over 2000 people died due to the accidental release of the toxic gas Methyl Isocyanate. Recently, the Vizag gas leak at LG Polymers plant in Visakhapatnam killed 12 people and sickened hundreds. Chemical disaRead more

    The Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984 is the amongst the worst chemical disaster in history, where over 2000 people died due to the accidental release of the toxic gas Methyl Isocyanate. Recently, the Vizag gas leak at LG Polymers plant in Visakhapatnam killed 12 people and sickened hundreds. Chemical disasters, though low in frequency, have the potential to cause significant immediate or long-term damage, like injuries, permanent disabilities, loss of lives, damage to property and environment. India is amongst the very few countries, which have enshrined the right to live in a clean and wholesome environment as a fundamental right. After the Bhopal disaster in 1984, Chemical Disaster Management (CDM) received greater emphasis and following steps have been taken to prepare the mechanism to deal with any such disaster:

    • Regulatory framework: There are various legislations, which take into account CDM. For, example, Indian factories Act, 1948, The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989, The Chemical Weapons Convention Act 2000, CAEPPR Rules 1996, Public Liability Insurance Act 1991, Explosives Act-1884, Insecticide Act-1968, Environment (Protection) Act-1986, and Disaster Management (DM) Act-2005. These regulatory frameworks deal with various issues like working conditions, regulating the usage of chemicals, mitigation efforts etc.
    • Institutional framework: A separate Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), has been earmarked as the nodal ministry for management of chemical disasters to ease coordination amongst other ministries, institutions and agencies to manage these disasters. Besides, research institutes like IITs, NEERI, etc. are also working in this domain.
    • NDMA guidelines to ministries/departments and states for preparing DM plans: The guidelines focus on all aspects of the DM cycle including prevention, mitigation, preparedness, relief, rehabilitation and recovery.
    • Other technical efforts: Installation of major accident Hazard Control System, GIS-based Emergency Management System, Environment Risk Reporting and Information Systems (ERRIS), etc.
    • Capacity building: Financial assistance has been provided for capacity development in CDM to various disaster management training institutes.

    While considerable progress has been made in the management of chemical disasters, critical gaps still exist in certain areas

    • Complex web of laws: Regulatory frameworks have numerous laws for various aspects under different ministries thus making it more difficult in terms of synchronizing the policies and have various issues at implementation levels and making it even more difficult for regulations.
    • Gaps in codes of practices, procedures and standards: There is a lack of national level risk assessment criteria and acceptable risks for chemical plants. Also, there are lacunae in procedure for conduct of safety audit and departmental inspections.
    • Untrained professionals: There is a lack of knowledge amongst the government officials, medical staff, as well as staff of the industry on CDM. Also, there is a shortage of clear accessible information on potential chemical hazards and their management.
    • Infrastructural gaps: Institutional framework for providing technical support at various levels is a key requirement for sustaining proper development and implementation of an effective disaster management system. These have not been fully identified.
    • Gaps in post disaster management: Mechanisms to deal with social and economic impacts of chemicals on human health, society and the environment, including liability, compensation and redress are not streamlined and strengthened to take adequate care of post disaster mitigation.

    Although good efforts have been made to minimize such accidents and to improve emergency preparedness at all levels, more needs to be done. One step in this regard can be preparing a database of all potential chemicals used in industries. Substantial efforts are still required to predict the potential occurrence of disasters, assess the damage potential, issue warnings, and to take other precautionary measures to mitigate their effects.

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Bhairavi Gauatam
  • 0
Bhairavi GauatamBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 0

Urban flooding is a result of both overflowing rivers and the ignorant ways in which our cities are adapting to urbanization. Talk about it. Mention the National Disaster Management Authority’s rules for urban flooding in this context.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Gitanjali Reena
    Gitanjali Reena Begginer

    Urban flooding is the inundation of property in a built environment, particularly in densely populated urban areas, caused by intense rainfall (on impermeable surfaces) which overwhelms the capacity of drainage systems. There has been an increasing trend of urban flood disasters in India over the paRead more

    Urban flooding is the inundation of property in a built environment, particularly in densely populated urban areas, caused by intense rainfall (on impermeable surfaces) which overwhelms the capacity of drainage systems. There has been an increasing trend of urban flood disasters in India over the past several years. The most notable amongst them are Hyderabad in 2000, Ahmedabad in 2001, Delhi in 2002 and 2003, Chennai in 2004, Mumbai in 2005, Surat in 2006, Kolkata in 2007. The most recent devastating ones were Srinagar in 2014 and Chennai in 2015. Causes of increased urban flooding include poor urban planning:

    • Land use changes without any regard for proper drainage; for example:
      • surface sealing due to urbanization,
      • deforestation and increased runoff.
      • Indian cities are becoming impervious to water seepage due to hard, non-porous construction material used in built up areas.
    • Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste leading to blocked drainage systems.
    • Encroachment of the flood plain and thereby obstructing flows.
    • Inefficiency or non-maintenance of flood management infrastructure.
    • Unmindful construction and encroachment on wetlands. The number of wetlands has reduced to 123 in 2018 from 644 in 1956.

    In this context, NDMA issued guidelines on urban flooding which contains following major points

    • It designates the Ministry of Urban Development as the Nodal Ministry for Urban Flooding.
    • Early Warning System and Communication
      • Create a National Hydro-meteorological Network- for providing early warning in all urban centres.
      • Developing local networks for real-time rainfall data collection with a ‘Local Network Cell’
      • Subdivide Cities/ towns on the basis of watersheds in the IMD headquarters. and develop a protocol for forecasting rainfall for urban areas on the basis of watershed.
    • Design and Management of Urban Drainage System
      • A watershed based and ward-based inventory of the existing storm water drainage system to be prepared.
      • Integrated planning and interactions between Water and Solid Waste Management.
      • Other steps like pre-monsoon de-silting of all major drains, rainwater harvesting, Rain Gardens etc. are to be promoted.
    • Urban Flood Disaster Risk Management
      • Risk assessment will be carried out with a multi-hazard concept leading to fool proof land use planning.
      • The research should focus on three key areas: risk identification, risk pooling and risk transfer. The risk should focus on both property and people.
      • Identification of potential damage areas, according to the physical characteristics of the area such as land use, topography, drainage area, outfall system and the capacity of the existing storm water drainage system.
      • National Database for Mapping Attributes- The database required for mapping different ward/community level attributes will be made accessible to all ULBs and concerned departments/ agencies/ stakeholders.
    • Techno-Legal Regime
      • Storm water drainage concerns will be made a part of all EIA norms.
      • Growth of urban sprawls can be made a part of urban flood management.
    • Capacity Development, Awareness Generation and Documentation
      • Urban Flood Education, Institutional & Community Capacity Development, enhanced Role of Civil Society, Awareness on Insurance etc.
      • Role of Public Representatives, Role of Media is also discussed.

    Increasing instances of urban flooding calls for better urban planning in accordance with NDMA guidelines to develop sustainable cities.

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Bhairavi Gauatam
  • 0
Bhairavi GauatamBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 0

Urban flooding is a result of both overflowing rivers and the ignorant ways in which our cities are adapting to urbanization. Talk about it. Mention the National Disaster Management Authority’s rules for urban flooding in this context.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    The case of urban flooding is gradually becoming a major concern in cities, not only due to floodwater from over flowing rivers but also due to sudden and haphazard urbanization that ignores the possibility of a natural drainage system and the equanimity in that ecological system. Many urban areas aRead more

    The case of urban flooding is gradually becoming a major concern in cities, not only due to floodwater from over flowing rivers but also due to sudden and haphazard urbanization that ignores the possibility of a natural drainage system and the equanimity in that ecological system. Many urban areas are undergoing intense flooding because of:

    1. Natural Drainage System Degradation: When people move to urban centers they stretch their dwelling places towards rivers, lakes, wetlands and other forms of natural what one may term as drainage channels. But while absorption by soil, construction, roads, and other surfaces with no permeable surface takes over, they lead to more runoff.

    2. Insufficient Drainage Infrastructure: Every town has established their drainage systems aiming at a different population and receiving less rainfall, meaning they cannot transport the current volumes of water and even more so with the addition of depth from climate change.

    3. Uncontrolled Building: Floodplain structures, bad land management, and ill-designed structures hinder water flow, thereby, increasing the impact of rainfall.

    4. Problems with Waste Management: Disposal of wastes in the wrong manner leads to blocking common utilities like drains hence minimizing capabilities of efficient storm water systems leading to floods which are much worse.

    From the National Disaster Management Authority guidelines for urban flooding

    India’s National Disaster Management Authority has also evolved various handiness to assist the cities to better realize and control urban flooding. Some of the major guidelines developed by the body include the following:

    1. Urban Flood Zoning and Mapping: NDMA recommends that cities assess flood prone areas to determine the degree of risk and regulate those areas accordingly. It can therefore be prescribed in those regions in order to check reckless development while urban development can be directed towards reduction of effects of flooding.

    The case of urban flooding is gradually becoming a major concern in cities, not only due to floodwater from over flowing rivers but also due to sudden and haphazard urbanization that ignores the possibility of a natural drainage system and the equanimity in that ecological system. Many urban areas are undergoing intense flooding because of:

    1. Natural Drainage System Degradation: When people move to urban centers they stretch their dwelling places towards rivers, lakes, wetlands and other forms of natural what one may term as drainage channels. But while absorption by soil, construction, roads, and other surfaces with no permeable surface takes over, they lead to more runoff.

    2. Insufficient Drainage Infrastructure: Every town has established their drainage systems aiming at a different population and receiving less rainfall, meaning they cannot transport the current volumes of water and even more so with the addition of depth from climate change.

    3. Uncontrolled Building: Floodplain structures, bad land management, and ill-designed structures hinder water flow, thereby, increasing the impact of rainfall.

    4. Problems with Waste Management: Disposal of wastes in the wrong manner leads to blocking common utilities like drains hence minimizing capabilities of efficient storm water systems leading to floods which are much worse.

    From the National Disaster Management Authority guidelines for urban flooding

    India’s National Disaster Management Authority has also evolved various handiness to assist the cities to better realize and control urban flooding. Some of the major guidelines developed by the body include the following:

    1. Urban Flood Zoning and Mapping: NDMA recommends that cities assess flood prone areas to determine the degree of risk and regulate those areas accordingly. It can therefore be prescribed in those regions in order to check reckless development while urban development can be directed towards reduction of effects of flooding.

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Anjali Sharma
  • 0
Anjali SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 0

To what extent are natural dangers natural? Explain in relation to disaster preparedness taking into account its onset, intensity, capacity for control, and character of the studied region.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Mihir
    Mihir Begginer

    Natural hazards, while inherently linked to natural processes, are influenced by various factors that can amplify or mitigate their impacts. To understand how natural these hazards are, it’s crucial to analyze their onset, severity, controlling capacity, and the nature of the study area, especiallyRead more

    Natural hazards, while inherently linked to natural processes, are influenced by various factors that can amplify or mitigate their impacts. To understand how natural these hazards are, it’s crucial to analyze their onset, severity, controlling capacity, and the nature of the study area, especially in the context of disaster preparedness.

    Onset:
    – Sudden Onset: Earthquakes, tsunamis, and flash floods occur with little to no warning. These hazards are purely natural in their occurrence, though human activities such as mining or reservoir-induced seismicity can sometimes trigger them.
    – Slow Onset: Droughts and sea-level rise develop over extended periods, often exacerbated by human activities like deforestation, groundwater depletion, and climate change. These slow-onset hazards provide more opportunities for preparedness and mitigation.

    Severity:
    – Natural Factors: The severity of natural hazards is influenced by natural variables such as topography, climate, and geological conditions. For instance, the severity of an earthquake is determined by the fault lines and geological characteristics of the region.
    – Human Factors: Human activities can increase the severity of natural hazards. Urbanization in floodplains, poor land-use practices, and inadequate infrastructure can amplify the impacts of floods and landslides. Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, intensifies weather-related hazards.

    Controlling Capacity:
    – Human Intervention: Advances in technology and infrastructure development can control and mitigate the impacts of natural hazards. Early warning systems, flood defenses, and earthquake-resistant buildings are examples of how human intervention can reduce vulnerability and enhance preparedness.
    – Natural Control: Ecosystems like wetlands, mangroves, and forests naturally mitigate the impacts of hazards by absorbing floodwaters, stabilizing shorelines, and reducing erosion. Preserving these natural barriers is crucial for disaster risk reduction.

    Nature of the Study Area:
    – Geographical Characteristics: The susceptibility to natural hazards is significantly influenced by the geographical characteristics of the area. Coastal areas are more prone to hurricanes and tsunamis, while mountainous regions are vulnerable to landslides and avalanches.
    – Socioeconomic Factors: The capacity of a community to prepare for and respond to natural hazards is shaped by socioeconomic factors. Wealthier regions with better infrastructure, education, and governance are typically more resilient. In contrast, poorer areas often suffer more due to inadequate resources and preparedness measures.

    Connection with Disaster Preparedness:
    – Holistic Approach: Effective disaster preparedness requires a holistic understanding of both natural and human-induced factors that contribute to hazards. This includes scientific research to predict natural events, land-use planning to avoid high-risk areas, and community engagement to build resilience.
    – Integrating Science and Policy: Combining scientific insights with policy measures can significantly enhance disaster preparedness. This involves not only monitoring natural processes but also addressing human behaviors that exacerbate risks. For instance, implementing strict building codes in earthquake-prone areas or managing water resources sustainably in drought-prone regions.

    Conclusion:
    Natural hazards are influenced by a complex interplay of natural processes and human activities. Their onset, severity, and impacts can be significantly controlled through proactive measures, informed by a comprehensive understanding of the study area’s characteristics. Effective disaster preparedness hinges on integrating scientific knowledge, technological advances, and robust policy frameworks to mitigate risks and build resilient communities.

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Sonali B
  • 1
Sonali BBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 1

Although the Coalition for Disaster Resilience Infrastructure is a very promising effort, unless it is seen in conjunction with the Sendai framework and Paris Climate Change targets, it may not be able to achieve its full potential. Talk about it.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Ranjan Gaikwad
    Ranjan Gaikwad Begginer

    Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi announced a global Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in the USA, in September 2019. This partnership of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks, financRead more

    Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi announced a global Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in the USA, in September 2019. This partnership of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks, financing mechanisms, private sector, and knowledge institutions will promote the resilience of new and existing infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks, thereby ensuring sustainable development.

    Ambitions Of Cdri

    1. Developed through consultations with more than 35 countries, CDRI envisions enabling a measurable reduction in infrastructure losses from disasters, including extreme climate events.
    2. Established as a platform for generating and exchanging knowledge, CDRI will conduct country-specific and global activities. CDRI will provide member countries technical support and capacity development, research and knowledge management, and advocacy and partnerships to facilitate and encourage investment in disaster resilient infrastructure systems.
    3. CDRI focuses on developing resilience in ecological infrastructure, social infrastructure with a concerted emphasis on health and education, and economic infrastructure with special attention to transportation, telecommunications, energy, and water.

    Coalition For Disaster Resilience Infrastructure(Cdri) And Sendai Framework

    1. Infrastructure systems are critical to enabling the transformation necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, and it is critical that they are risk-informed and resilient, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
    2. In the face of increasing levels of systemic disaster risk, including in the context of climate change, CDRI addresses the challenge of building resilience into infrastructure systems.
    3. By providing access to good practices to develop appropriate standards and regulatory mechanisms to manage infrastructure development in a manner that fosters resilience, the CDRI enables national level systemic resilience with implications for globally interconnected systems.
    4. The CDRI supports countries to upgrade their systems to ensure disaster and climate resilience of existing and future infrastructure, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the Sendai Framework.
    5. In line with the Sendai Framework and its core provisions, CDRI will support efforts to build back better from COVID-19 impacts towards the attainment of the 2030 Agenda.
    6. The Sendai Framework recommends strengthening disaster resilient public and private investments through structural, nonstructural, and functional disaster risk prevention and reduction measures in critical facilities.
    7. CDRI encourages the revision of existing or the development of new building codes, standards, and rehabilitation and reconstruction practices at the national or local levels.
    8. CDRI calls for the promotion of proper design and construction, including the use of the principles of universal design and the standardization of building materials; retrofitting and rebuilding; and nurturing a culture of maintenance.

    Coalition For Disaster Resilience Infrastructure And Paris Climate Change Goals

    1. Climate-related extreme events are increasing globally, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further reinforced the need for robust disaster preparedness and investment in renewable energy, green infrastructure, energy and resource efficiency, large-scale retrofitting, renovation projects, and the circular economy.
    2. The CDRI is a welcome initiative to help tackle these objectives in a multilateral approach, which will help in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, through both global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced climate change adaptation action.
    3. CDRI is aimed towards achieving the adaptation goal. CDRI forms the basis of India’s vision for global climate action that also takes into account issues of equity, development, and the special needs of developing and least developed countries.

    CDRI, thus, aims to enable the achievement of objectives of expanding universal access to basic services and enabling prosperity as enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals, while also working at the intersection of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Climate Agreement.

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