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Home/upsc: disaster management/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Sonali B
  • 1
Sonali BBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 1

Although the Coalition for Disaster Resilience Infrastructure is a very promising effort, unless it is seen in conjunction with the Sendai framework and Paris Climate Change targets, it may not be able to achieve its full potential. Talk about it.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Ranjan Gaikwad
    Ranjan Gaikwad Begginer

    Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi announced a global Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in the USA, in September 2019. This partnership of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks, financRead more

    Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi announced a global Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), at the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 held in the USA, in September 2019. This partnership of national governments, UN agencies and programmes, multilateral development banks, financing mechanisms, private sector, and knowledge institutions will promote the resilience of new and existing infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks, thereby ensuring sustainable development.

    Ambitions Of Cdri

    1. Developed through consultations with more than 35 countries, CDRI envisions enabling a measurable reduction in infrastructure losses from disasters, including extreme climate events.
    2. Established as a platform for generating and exchanging knowledge, CDRI will conduct country-specific and global activities. CDRI will provide member countries technical support and capacity development, research and knowledge management, and advocacy and partnerships to facilitate and encourage investment in disaster resilient infrastructure systems.
    3. CDRI focuses on developing resilience in ecological infrastructure, social infrastructure with a concerted emphasis on health and education, and economic infrastructure with special attention to transportation, telecommunications, energy, and water.

    Coalition For Disaster Resilience Infrastructure(Cdri) And Sendai Framework

    1. Infrastructure systems are critical to enabling the transformation necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, and it is critical that they are risk-informed and resilient, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
    2. In the face of increasing levels of systemic disaster risk, including in the context of climate change, CDRI addresses the challenge of building resilience into infrastructure systems.
    3. By providing access to good practices to develop appropriate standards and regulatory mechanisms to manage infrastructure development in a manner that fosters resilience, the CDRI enables national level systemic resilience with implications for globally interconnected systems.
    4. The CDRI supports countries to upgrade their systems to ensure disaster and climate resilience of existing and future infrastructure, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the Sendai Framework.
    5. In line with the Sendai Framework and its core provisions, CDRI will support efforts to build back better from COVID-19 impacts towards the attainment of the 2030 Agenda.
    6. The Sendai Framework recommends strengthening disaster resilient public and private investments through structural, nonstructural, and functional disaster risk prevention and reduction measures in critical facilities.
    7. CDRI encourages the revision of existing or the development of new building codes, standards, and rehabilitation and reconstruction practices at the national or local levels.
    8. CDRI calls for the promotion of proper design and construction, including the use of the principles of universal design and the standardization of building materials; retrofitting and rebuilding; and nurturing a culture of maintenance.

    Coalition For Disaster Resilience Infrastructure And Paris Climate Change Goals

    1. Climate-related extreme events are increasing globally, and the COVID-19 pandemic has further reinforced the need for robust disaster preparedness and investment in renewable energy, green infrastructure, energy and resource efficiency, large-scale retrofitting, renovation projects, and the circular economy.
    2. The CDRI is a welcome initiative to help tackle these objectives in a multilateral approach, which will help in the implementation of the Paris Agreement, through both global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced climate change adaptation action.
    3. CDRI is aimed towards achieving the adaptation goal. CDRI forms the basis of India’s vision for global climate action that also takes into account issues of equity, development, and the special needs of developing and least developed countries.

    CDRI, thus, aims to enable the achievement of objectives of expanding universal access to basic services and enabling prosperity as enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals, while also working at the intersection of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Climate Agreement.

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Manav Srivastava
  • 0
Manav SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine how well India’s National Disaster Management Plan has been working to improve the nation’s resilience and readiness for natural catastrophes.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Anirudh Singh
    Anirudh Singh Learner

    main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8"> India’s National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) plays a crucial role in enhancing the country’s preparedness and resilience to natural disasters. The effectiveness of the plan can be analyzed through various dimensions: Strengths and AchieveRead more

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    India’s National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) plays a crucial role in enhancing the country’s preparedness and resilience to natural disasters. The effectiveness of the plan can be analyzed through various dimensions:

    Strengths and Achievements:

    1. Comprehensive Framework:
      • Holistic Approach: The NDMP provides a comprehensive framework for disaster management, covering all phases from preparedness to response, recovery, and mitigation. It integrates strategies across various types of natural disasters, including floods, earthquakes, cyclones, and droughts.
    2. Institutional Mechanisms:
      • National and State Level Structures: The plan establishes clear roles and responsibilities for disaster management at national, state, and district levels. It strengthens institutional mechanisms by defining the roles of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs).
    3. Risk Assessment and Planning:
      • Vulnerability Mapping: The NDMP emphasizes risk assessment and vulnerability mapping to identify high-risk areas. This allows for targeted preparedness and mitigation measures, enhancing the resilience of vulnerable communities.
    4. Capacity Building and Training:
      • Training Programs: The plan includes provisions for capacity building and training of disaster management professionals and community members. This helps in improving the skills and readiness of personnel involved in disaster response and recovery.
    5. Community Involvement:
      • Community-Based Approaches: The NDMP promotes community-based disaster risk management, encouraging local involvement in preparedness and response activities. This enhances local resilience and ensures that disaster management strategies are tailored to community needs.
    6. Integration with Development Planning:
      • Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction: The NDMP emphasizes the integration of disaster risk reduction into development planning and policies. This approach helps in addressing the root causes of vulnerability and ensuring that development projects are resilient to disasters.
    7. Emergency Response and Relief:
      • Response Mechanisms: The plan outlines effective emergency response mechanisms, including the establishment of rapid response teams and coordination protocols. This ensures a timely and organized response during disasters.

    Challenges and Areas for Improvement:

    1. Implementation Gaps:
      • Coordination Issues: There can be challenges in coordinating between different levels of government and agencies. Effective implementation requires seamless coordination and communication among various stakeholders.
    2. Resource Constraints:
      • Funding and Infrastructure: Adequate resources and infrastructure are essential for effective disaster management. There may be constraints in funding, equipment, and infrastructure, which can impact the implementation of the plan.
    3. Data and Information Management:
      • Data Collection and Utilization: Effective disaster management relies on accurate and timely data. Improving data collection, management, and utilization for risk assessment and decision-making is crucial.
    4. Community Preparedness:
      • Awareness and Training: While the plan promotes community involvement, there may be gaps in community awareness and training. Ensuring widespread dissemination of information and training at the grassroots level is essential.
    5. Adaptation to Emerging Risks:
      • Changing Risk Landscape: The risk landscape is continuously evolving with new challenges such as climate change and urbanization. The NDMP needs to adapt to these emerging risks and update strategies accordingly.

    Recommendations for Enhancement:

    1. Strengthen Coordination: Enhance coordination mechanisms between national, state, and district authorities to ensure effective implementation and response.
    2. Increase Investment: Invest in infrastructure, equipment, and training to support disaster management efforts and ensure that resources are available when needed.
    3. Improve Data Management: Develop robust systems for data collection, analysis, and dissemination to support risk assessment and decision-making.
    4. Expand Community Engagement: Increase efforts to engage and train communities in disaster preparedness and response, ensuring that they are well informed and equipped.
    5. Adapt and Update: Regularly update the NDMP to address emerging risks and incorporate lessons learned from past disasters.

    In summary, India’s National Disaster Management Plan is effective in enhancing the country’s preparedness and resilience to natural disasters through its comprehensive framework, institutional mechanisms, and community involvement. However, addressing challenges related to implementation, resources, and data management is crucial for further improving its effectiveness and ensuring a more resilient disaster management system.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: February 19, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define Urban Flooding: Briefly explain what urban flooding is, emphasizing its status as a climate-induced disaster. Importance of the Topic: Mention the increasing vulnerability of urban areas due to climate change and rapid urbanization. Causes of Urban Flooding Increased Frequency ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Causes of Urban Flooding Urban flooding in India is primarily driven by several interrelated factors: Increased Frequency of Extreme Rainfall: Climate change has led to more intense rainfall events, overwhelming existing drainage systems. For instance, Chennai faced severe flooding in NRead more

    Model Answer

    Causes of Urban Flooding

    Urban flooding in India is primarily driven by several interrelated factors:

    1. Increased Frequency of Extreme Rainfall: Climate change has led to more intense rainfall events, overwhelming existing drainage systems. For instance, Chennai faced severe flooding in November 2021 due to heavy downpours.
    2. Inadequate Urban Planning: Many cities, like Hyderabad, suffer from poorly designed drainage systems, leading to recurrent flooding, especially during the 2020 monsoon.
    3. Encroachment on Natural Water Bodies: Urban expansion often fills wetlands and rivers, increasing flood risks. For example, in Kolkata, construction on wetlands has worsened flooding during monsoons.
    4. Impervious Surfaces: The prevalence of concrete and asphalt roads prevents natural water absorption, increasing runoff.
    5. Outdated Infrastructure: Many urban areas rely on aging drainage systems that cannot cope with modern rainfall patterns.

    Major Flood Events

    Mumbai Floods 2005

    In July 2005, Mumbai experienced 944 mm of rainfall in just 24 hours, leading to widespread flooding, loss of life, and significant infrastructure disruption. This event highlighted the city’s inadequate drainage capacity.

    Kerala Floods 2018

    August 2018 saw catastrophic flooding in Kerala, attributed to extreme rainfall classified as a large excess by the IMD. This event displaced over a million people and caused extensive damage.

    Policies and Frameworks

    India has implemented several policies to tackle urban flooding:

    1. National Water Mission: This initiative promotes integrated water resource management and aims to enhance conservation efforts.
    2. Disaster Management Act, 2005: This act provides a framework for disaster preparedness and response, enabling states to develop their disaster management plans.
    3. JnNURM: The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission focuses on improving urban infrastructure, including flood management systems.
    4. National Disaster Management Plan, 2016: This plan outlines strategies for disaster risk reduction and preparedness.
    5. Central Water Commission Guidelines: These guidelines encourage best practices for urban flood management across states, advocating for effective drainage systems.

    By addressing the root causes through comprehensive policies and sustainable urban development, India can better mitigate the impacts of urban flooding.

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Team
  • 0
TeamSupreme
Asked: August 22, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define Vulnerability: Explain vulnerability as the susceptibility of individuals or communities to adverse effects from disasters. Importance: Highlight its significance in understanding disaster impacts. Fact: “Vulnerability is a critical element in defining the impact of disasters and their ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Vulnerability is a critical element in defining the impact of disasters and their threat to people. It refers to the susceptibility of a community or individual to the adverse effects of disasters. Recognizing and addressing vulnerability is essential for effective disasterRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Vulnerability is a critical element in defining the impact of disasters and their threat to people. It refers to the susceptibility of a community or individual to the adverse effects of disasters. Recognizing and addressing vulnerability is essential for effective disaster risk management and resilience building.

    Characterizing Vulnerability to Disasters

    Vulnerability can be characterized by several interconnected factors, including social, economic, and environmental conditions. The interaction of these factors determines the degree to which individuals and communities are at risk. Effective vulnerability assessment is crucial for disaster risk reduction, as it identifies the groups and areas most susceptible to hazards (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020).

    Types of Vulnerability with Reference to Disasters

    Physical Vulnerability

    Physical vulnerability pertains to the susceptibility of the built environment to disaster impacts. This includes factors such as building design, construction quality, and geographical location. Areas with inadequate infrastructure are more likely to suffer severe damage during events like earthquakes or floods (World Health Organization, 2019).

    Economic Vulnerability

    Economic vulnerability reflects the susceptibility of individuals and communities to the financial repercussions of disasters. Factors such as income levels, employment status, and access to financial resources significantly influence economic resilience. Low-income communities often face greater challenges in recovering from disasters (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2021).

    Social Vulnerability

    Social vulnerability involves the susceptibility of individuals or communities to the social impacts of disasters. This encompasses aspects such as social networks, cultural values, and access to information. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly and marginalized groups, often have limited resources and support during crisis situations (Cutter et al., 2008).

    Environmental Vulnerability

    Environmental vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of the natural environment to disaster impacts, influenced by factors like climate change, deforestation, and land use practices. Areas facing environmental degradation are often more prone to disasters, exacerbating the risks for local communities (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021).

    Conclusion

    Vulnerability to disasters can be characterized by assessing factors that increase the susceptibility of communities and individuals to disaster impacts. Understanding the different types of vulnerability—physical, social, economic, and environmental—is essential for enhancing community resilience and preparedness in the face of disasters.

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Kumudini Lakhia
  • 0
Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the concept of a stampede, emphasizing its significance as a safety and crowd management issue. Mention that stampedes are recurring in India, especially during large public gatherings, leading to injuries and fatalities. 2. Causes of Frequent ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Stampedes are tragic incidents resulting from a sudden, uncontrollable movement of people, often causing injuries or fatalities. The frequent occurrences of stampedes at public places in India can be attributed to several causes: 1. Structural Factors: Temporary structures,Read more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Stampedes are tragic incidents resulting from a sudden, uncontrollable movement of people, often causing injuries or fatalities. The frequent occurrences of stampedes at public places in India can be attributed to several causes:

    1. Structural Factors:
    Temporary structures, such as barricades or makeshift bridges, often collapse under the pressure of large crowds. A prime example is the 2013 stampede near Ratangarh Mata Temple in Madhya Pradesh, where a collapsing bridge caused several deaths.

    2. Fire Hazards:
    Fires caused by short circuits or electricity failure create panic among large crowds, leading to a stampede. The Dabwali fire incident in Haryana (1995) serves as a tragic example, where 446 people lost their lives due to a fire-induced stampede.

    3. Excessive Crowd:
    Mass gatherings, particularly at religious events or political rallies, are a significant cause of stampedes. According to a study, 79% of stampedes in India between 1954 and 2012 occurred during religious mass gatherings, where crowd management becomes a significant challenge.

    4. Lack of Coordination:
    Inadequate coordination between different agencies, such as the police, administration, and fire services, exacerbates the risk of stampedes. This lack of coordination can result in delayed responses to crowd surges or emergency situations.

    Measures to Prevent Stampedes

    1. Better Design of Spaces for Mass Gatherings:
    Designing spaces with multiple wide exits, fire safety systems, adequate ventilation, and crowd segregation can significantly reduce the risk of stampedes.

    2. Live Crowd Surveillance:
    Real-time monitoring of crowds using advanced technology, such as AI-based CCTV coverage and drones, can help detect pressure build-up and potential hazards. For example, during the 2024 Jagannath Rath Yatra, Odisha Police used AI-based surveillance to manage crowd density effectively.

    3. Improved Communication and Coordination:
    Establishing a clear communication system and allocating responsibilities among all agencies involved in crowd management can help prevent panic and ensure swift action during emergencies.

    Conclusion

    Preventing stampedes requires a multi-disciplinary approach, including better planning, design, and technological solutions. By addressing structural, coordination, and crowd-related issues, India can minimize the occurrence of these tragic events.

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Dhruv Choudhary
  • 0
Dhruv ChoudharyBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Examine the potential for improvement in India’s early warning systems as well as their effectiveness in reducing the effects of hydrometeorological disasters.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Pranay Nair
    Pranay Nair Begginer

    Analyzing the Efficacy of India's Early Warning Systems in Mitigating the Impacts of Hydrometeorological Disasters and the Scope for Their Improvements 1. Introduction Early warning systems (EWS) are critical in mitigating the impacts of hydrometeorological disasters, such as cyclones, floods, and dRead more

    Analyzing the Efficacy of India’s Early Warning Systems in Mitigating the Impacts of Hydrometeorological Disasters and the Scope for Their Improvements

    1. Introduction

    Early warning systems (EWS) are critical in mitigating the impacts of hydrometeorological disasters, such as cyclones, floods, and droughts. In India, a diverse range of EWS has been implemented to enhance preparedness and reduce vulnerability. This analysis evaluates the efficacy of these systems, highlighting recent examples, and identifies areas for improvement.

    2. Efficacy of India’s Early Warning Systems

    A. Strengths of Early Warning Systems

    1. Advanced Forecasting Technologies: India has developed advanced forecasting technologies to predict hydrometeorological events. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) uses satellite data, weather radars, and numerical weather prediction models to provide timely and accurate forecasts. For instance, IMD’s accurate forecasting of Cyclone Fani (2019) allowed for effective preparedness and evacuation measures.

    2. Comprehensive Warning Dissemination: The warning dissemination process in India includes multiple channels such as television, radio, mobile alerts, and community-based systems. The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) coordinates these efforts to ensure that warnings reach all segments of society. During the Kerala floods (2018), timely warnings through various channels helped in mobilizing emergency responses and reducing casualties.

    3. Community-Based Initiatives: Community-based early warning systems (EWS) complement national efforts by involving local communities in disaster preparedness. The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has established local disaster management committees and community-based early warning systems, which played a crucial role during Cyclone Fani.

    B. Challenges and Limitations

    1. Inconsistent Coverage and Accessibility: Early warning systems often face challenges related to inconsistent coverage and accessibility. Remote and underserved areas may not receive timely alerts. For example, the floods in Assam (2022) highlighted gaps in coverage, where some remote villages lacked access to timely warnings and response resources.

    2. Delays in Response and Implementation: Despite receiving warnings, the implementation of response measures can be delayed due to logistical and infrastructural issues. During the Uttarakhand floods (2013), delays in evacuation and rescue operations affected the effectiveness of the early warnings issued.

    3. Limited Public Awareness and Preparedness: There is often a gap in public awareness and preparedness regarding early warnings. The floods in Mumbai (2020) demonstrated that while warnings were issued, many residents were not fully aware of evacuation procedures or safety measures.

    C. Recent Examples

    1. Cyclone Amphan (2020)

    1. Context and Response: Cyclone Amphan, which struck West Bengal and Bangladesh, was one of the strongest cyclones in recent years. The IMD’s early warning system provided accurate forecasts and warnings well in advance, allowing for timely evacuations and preparedness measures.

    2. Effectiveness: The effectiveness of the early warning system was evident in the relatively lower number of casualties compared to previous cyclones. The coordinated efforts between the IMD, local authorities, and community-based organizations contributed to effective disaster management.

    2. Mumbai Floods (2020)

    1. Context and Response: Mumbai experienced severe flooding due to heavy rainfall in July 2020. Early warnings were issued by the IMD, but the city’s response mechanisms faced challenges, including inadequate drainage infrastructure and delays in mobilizing emergency services.

    2. Lessons Learned: The floods highlighted the need for improved urban infrastructure, better coordination between agencies, and enhanced public awareness and preparedness.

    3. Recommendations for Improvement

    A. Enhancing Coverage and Accessibility

    1. Expanding Infrastructure: Improving infrastructure in remote and underserved areas is essential for ensuring comprehensive coverage of early warning systems. Investments in infrastructure such as weather stations and communication networks can enhance the reach of warnings.

    2. Utilizing Technology: Leveraging technologies such as mobile apps and social media platforms can improve the dissemination of warnings in real-time, particularly in areas with limited access to traditional media.

    B. Improving Response and Implementation

    1. Strengthening Logistics and Coordination: Enhancing logistics and coordination mechanisms for disaster response can address delays in implementation. Developing and maintaining efficient evacuation plans, emergency shelters, and response teams are crucial for timely action.

    2. Regular Drills and Simulations: Conducting regular drills and simulations at the community level can improve preparedness and response. These exercises help familiarize residents with evacuation procedures and safety measures, ensuring a quicker and more effective response to warnings.

    C. Increasing Public Awareness and Preparedness

    1. Public Education Campaigns: Implementing public education campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of early warnings and safety measures is vital. Schools, community centers, and media channels can be utilized to educate the public on how to respond to warnings effectively.

    2. Community Engagement: Engaging local communities in disaster preparedness programs and establishing community-based early warning systems can enhance local resilience. Training community volunteers and involving them in response efforts can improve the overall effectiveness of EWS.

    4. Conclusion

    India’s early warning systems play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of hydrometeorological disasters by providing timely forecasts and warnings. While the systems have shown strengths in advanced forecasting, comprehensive dissemination, and community-based initiatives, challenges such as inconsistent coverage, response delays, and limited public awareness persist. By enhancing coverage and accessibility, improving response mechanisms, and increasing public awareness and preparedness, India can further strengthen its early warning systems and improve resilience against hydrometeorological disasters.

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Manav Srivastava
  • 0
Manav SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Analyze critically how central, state, and local governments in India coordinate to carry out relief and response efforts in the wake of disasters.

upsc: disaster management
  1. Riya Shah
    Riya Shah Begginer

    Coordination Between Central, State, and Local Authorities in Disaster Response and Relief Operations in India Introduction Effective disaster response and relief operations in India require robust coordination among central, state, and local authorities. India, being prone to various natural and maRead more

    Coordination Between Central, State, and Local Authorities in Disaster Response and Relief Operations in India

    Introduction

    Effective disaster response and relief operations in India require robust coordination among central, state, and local authorities. India, being prone to various natural and man-made disasters, necessitates a well-structured and cohesive approach to disaster management. This examination highlights the current coordination mechanisms, evaluates their efficacy, and identifies areas for improvement through recent examples.

    Coordination Mechanisms

    1. Central Authority: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):

    The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), chaired by the Prime Minister, is responsible for formulating national policies and strategies for disaster management. It plays a pivotal role in coordinating disaster response efforts across states and providing financial and technical support. The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) outlines the framework for disaster management, emphasizing a coordinated approach involving all levels of government.

    2. State Authorities: State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs):

    Each state has its own State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), responsible for implementing the national policies at the state level and coordinating with local authorities. SDMAs are crucial in adapting national guidelines to local contexts and managing state-specific resources and response efforts. They work in close collaboration with district authorities to ensure efficient disaster management.

    3. Local Authorities: District and Municipal Authorities:

    District and municipal authorities are on the front lines of disaster response. They are responsible for immediate relief operations, local evacuation plans, and coordination with higher levels of government. Their role is vital in ensuring that relief measures reach affected communities promptly and effectively.

    Recent Examples and Evaluation

    1. Cyclone Amphan (2020):

    Cyclone Amphan was a severe tropical cyclone that impacted West Bengal and parts of Odisha. The central government, through the NDMA, provided technical guidance and financial assistance for disaster response. The West Bengal State Disaster Management Authority coordinated evacuation and relief operations, while local authorities managed on-ground efforts such as shelter arrangements and distribution of aid. However, challenges were observed in the coordination between state and local authorities, particularly in communication and logistics, which led to delays in some relief operations.

    2. Uttarakhand Floods (2021):

    The Uttarakhand floods in 2021 highlighted the role of state and local authorities in disaster management. The Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority coordinated relief efforts, while local authorities facilitated immediate response actions, including rescue operations and setting up temporary shelters. The central government provided additional support and funds for rebuilding infrastructure. While coordination between state and local authorities was relatively smooth, the disaster underscored the need for better integration of central support with state and local efforts, particularly in terms of pre-disaster preparedness and risk reduction.

    Challenges in Coordination

    1. Communication Gaps:

    One major challenge is the communication gap between central, state, and local authorities. Disparate information flow can lead to inefficiencies in response efforts. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, varied communication strategies and lack of synchronized information between different levels of government created confusion and impacted the effectiveness of response measures.

    2. Resource Allocation and Logistics:

    Resource allocation and logistics often face bottlenecks due to the complex hierarchy of coordination. Discrepancies in resource distribution and delays in logistics can hinder timely relief operations. The Kerala Floods (2018) illustrated how logistical challenges and resource mismanagement affected the speed and efficiency of disaster relief efforts.

    Recommendations for Improved Coordination

    1. Integrated Communication Systems:

    Developing an integrated communication system that ensures real-time information sharing among central, state, and local authorities can enhance coordination. Implementing a unified platform for disaster management can help streamline communication and decision-making processes.

    2. Strengthening Local Capacity:

    Investing in capacity building at the local level is crucial for improving disaster response. Training local authorities and providing them with necessary resources and equipment can ensure more effective and timely relief efforts. Strengthening local disaster response teams and infrastructure will help in managing disasters more efficiently.

    3. Streamlining Resource Management:

    Implementing a coordinated resource management system that allows for efficient allocation and distribution of resources can address logistical challenges. Developing clear protocols for resource mobilization and ensuring adequate stockpiles at local levels can improve disaster response efficiency.

    Conclusion

    The coordination between central, state, and local authorities is essential for effective disaster response and relief operations in India. While the existing mechanisms, such as the NDMA and SDMAs, play a crucial role, challenges in communication, resource management, and logistical support persist. Addressing these issues through integrated communication systems, strengthening local capacities, and streamlining resource management can enhance the overall effectiveness of disaster response efforts and ensure better outcomes for affected communities.

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Ayon Iyengar
  • 0
Ayon IyengarLearner
Asked: January 7, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and its purpose under the Disaster Management Act of 2005. State the importance of NDRF in disaster management in India. 2. Key Challenges Faced by NDRF Inadequate Capital Expenditure Explain how declining ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) plays a crucial role in disaster management in India, having saved over 148,000 lives and evacuated more than 700,000 individuals since its inception. However, it faces several key challenges in executing its responsibilities effectively. KeyRead more

    Model Answer

    The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) plays a crucial role in disaster management in India, having saved over 148,000 lives and evacuated more than 700,000 individuals since its inception. However, it faces several key challenges in executing its responsibilities effectively.

    Key Challenges

    1. Inadequate Capital Expenditure: The budget for capital expenditure has been declining, hindering the development of necessary infrastructure and capacity for NDRF battalions.
    2. Low Training Budget: The allocation for training NDRF personnel has remained low, between Rs. 1 to 2 crore, with actual utilization ranging from 50% to 80%. This limits the ability to provide modern training facilities that meet international standards.
    3. Increased Operational Demands: NDRF personnel are increasingly engaged in a wide range of rescue operations, from minor incidents to major disasters, which strains their resources and capabilities.
    4. Lack of Continuity: As a 100% deputationist force, personnel serve for only seven years, leading to a lack of continuity and institutional knowledge within the organization.
    5. Insufficient Equipment: There is a significant shortage of critical equipment, which hampers the NDRF’s ability to respond effectively and quickly to disasters.
    6. Dual Control Structure: The ambiguity in command and control, with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) managing funds and execution while the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has administrative control, complicates decision-making and response times.

    Measures to Enhance Effectiveness

    1. Review of Personnel Structure: While the deputationist model is beneficial, incorporating trained youth from other organizations, such as NCC cadets, could enhance operational capacity.
    2. Financial Cooperation: Establishing Permanent Disaster Management Funds and ensuring regular contributions from state and central budgets can address financial constraints.
    3. Training Infrastructure Investment: Specific budget allocations should be made for upgrading training facilities and procuring state-of-the-art equipment to meet international standards.
    4. Timely Equipment Procurement: A systematic review and expedited procurement of necessary equipment should be prioritized to ensure readiness.
    5. Community Capacity Building: Enhancing disaster response capabilities at the state and community levels is essential, as the frequency of disasters is increasing.
    6. Pre-positioning of Forces: Developing a strategy for pre-positioning response teams at critical locations can improve resource availability during emergencies.

    By addressing these challenges and implementing these measures, the NDRF can significantly enhance its effectiveness in disaster response and recovery.

    Roadmap for Answer Writing

    1. Introduction

    • Briefly introduce the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and its purpose under the Disaster Management Act of 2005.
    • State the importance of NDRF in disaster management in India.

    2. Key Challenges Faced by NDRF :

    • Inadequate Capital Expenditure
      • Explain how declining budgets affect infrastructure and capacity building.
    • Low Budget for Training
      • Discuss the insufficient allocation for training personnel and its impact on readiness.
    • Increased Operational Demands
      • Describe how the growing variety of rescue operations strains resources.
    • Lack of Continuity
      • Highlight the effects of a 100% deputationist model on institutional knowledge and experience.
    • Insufficient Equipment
      • Mention the shortage of critical equipment and how it hampers response capabilities.
    • Dual Control Structure
      • Explain the complications arising from having two different authorities (MHA and NDMA) managing NDRF.

    3. Measures to Improve Effectiveness :

    • Review of Personnel Structure
      • Suggest diversifying the personnel structure to include trained youth from other organizations.
    • Financial Cooperation
      • Propose establishing Permanent Disaster Management Funds and regular contributions to enhance financial resources.
    • Investment in Training Infrastructure
      • Recommend specific budget allocations for upgrading training facilities and equipment.
    • Timely Equipment Procurement
      • Suggest a systematic review and expedited procurement process for essential equipment.
    • Community Capacity Building
      • Emphasize the need to enhance local disaster response capabilities.
    • Pre-positioning of Response Forces
      • Recommend strategies for pre-positioning teams in critical areas to improve disaster readiness.

    4. Conclusion :

    • Summarize the challenges and proposed measures.
    • Highlight the significance of improving NDRF’s effectiveness for better disaster management in India.

    Relevant Facts and Sources

    1. NDRF Achievements: “NDRF has saved over 1.48 lakh human lives and evacuated over 7 lakh stranded individuals since its inception.” (Source: NDRF Reports)
    2. Inadequate Capital Expenditure: “The actual expenditure in the capital sector has shown a declining trend over the years.” (Source: Government Budget Reports)
    3. Training Budget: “Provision for training NDRF personnel has remained low at Rs. 1 to 2 crore, with utilization between 50% to 80%.” (Source: Budget Estimates Analysis)
    4. Operational Demands: “NDRF personnel are engaged in a varied range of rescue situations, which is increasing daily.” (Source: NDRF Reports)
    5. Dual Control Structure: “NDRF operates under the dual control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).” (Source: Disaster Management Act, 2005)
    6. Equipment Shortages: “There is a significant shortage of almost all items authorized for NDRF, affecting response capabilities.” (Source: NDRF Internal Reports)

    Using this roadmap and the relevant facts, you can construct a comprehensive answer addressing the challenges and proposed solutions for enhancing the effectiveness of the NDRF.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: August 23, 2024In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (50-75 words) Define drought and its recognition as a disaster. Briefly introduce the NDMA guidelines and the significance of El Niño and La Niña. 2. Understanding Drought and Climate Phenomena (75-100 words) Explain drought characteristics. Define El Niño and La ...

upsc: disaster management
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Drought has increasingly been recognized as a disaster due to its wide spatial reach, prolonged duration, gradual onset, and lasting impacts on vulnerable populations. This essay examines the September 2010 guidelines issued by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Drought has increasingly been recognized as a disaster due to its wide spatial reach, prolonged duration, gradual onset, and lasting impacts on vulnerable populations. This essay examines the September 2010 guidelines issued by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to enhance preparedness for the potential consequences of El Niño and La Niña events in India.

    Understanding El Niño and La Niña

    El Niño and La Niña are climatic phenomena characterized by the irregular warming (El Niño) or cooling (La Niña) of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. These events markedly influence global weather patterns, including rainfall distribution and temperature variations (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA). In India, which relies heavily on monsoon rainfall for agriculture and economic stability, the implications of these phenomena can be profound, affecting food security and water resources.

    September 2010 NDMA Guidelines

    Early Warning Systems

    The NDMA emphasizes the establishment of robust early warning systems for timely detection and monitoring of El Niño and La Niña events. This includes enhanced meteorological forecasting, satellite monitoring, and inter-agency data sharing (NDMA, 2010).

    Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping

    Conducting thorough risk assessments and vulnerability mapping allows for the identification of regions most susceptible to El Niño and La Niña impacts. This targeted approach enables better resource allocation and preparedness measures (NDMA, 2010).

    Institutional Coordination

    Effective coordination among government departments, disaster management agencies, and local authorities is critical for the smooth flow of information and resource mobilization. This ensures that response plans are implemented efficiently (NDMA, 2010).

    Public Awareness and Community Participation

    Raising public awareness about the implications of El Niño and La Niña fosters community participation in preparedness activities. Disseminating information through various channels and engaging local communities in decision-making processes are vital (NDMA, 2010).

    Contingency Planning and Capacity Building

    The development of contingency plans at various governance levels outlines specific actions during El Niño or La Niña events. Capacity-building initiatives enhance the skills of stakeholders involved in disaster management (NDMA, 2010).

    Conclusion

    The NDMA’s September 2010 guidelines are instrumental in strengthening India’s preparedness for the effects of El Niño and La Niña. By focusing on proactive measures such as early warning systems, contingency planning, and stakeholder engagement, these guidelines aim to mitigate the adverse impacts of droughts linked to these climate phenomena.

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Sonali B
  • 1
Sonali BBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 1

Does a good disaster risk reduction formula involve community resilience?

upsc: disaster management
  1. Kartik Sharma
    Kartik Sharma Begginer

    Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as deal with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. Community resilience is the sustained abilityRead more

    Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as deal with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to use available resources (energy, communication, transportation, food, etc.) to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations. This allows for the adaptation and growth of a community after disaster strikes. The scope of community resilience extends beyond natural disasters and includes man made ones too.

    Role Of Community Resilience In Drr

    1. Communities are getting increasingly complex, and so are the challenges they face. Human-caused and natural disasters are more frequent now and costly too. Factors like climate change, globalization, and increased urbanization can bring disaster related risks to greater numbers of people.
    2. In this backdrop community resilience becomes crucial. Developing community resilience benefits disaster planners and community members alike. It expands the traditional preparedness approach by encouraging actions that build preparedness while also promoting strong community systems.
    3. In disaster risk reduction key preparedness activities such as continuity of operations plans for organizations, compiling disaster kits etc continue to be essential. A resilience approach adds features like building social connectedness and improving everyday health, wellness, and community systems.
    4. Earlier, the approach to Disaster Management (DM) was primarily reactive and relief-centric. However, disaster response alone is not sufficient as it yields only temporary results at a very high cost.
    5. Community resilience allows better planning for disasters to reduce disaster losses-rather than waiting for an event to occur and paying for it afterward.
    6. Although disasters will continue to occur, actions that move the nation from reactive approaches to disasters to a proactive stance where communities actively engage in enhancing resilience will reduce many of the broad societal and economic burdens that disasters can cause.
    7. The emphasis on community resilience has emerged from the need to identify principles and measures to protect development gains from shocks and stresses. Thus the aim here is to engage the community to ensure that shocks and stresses do not lead to a long-term downturn in development progress.

    Community Resilience Is Not Enough

    Communities do not exist in isolation. The level of a community’s resilience is also influenced by capacities outside the community, in particular by emergency management services but also by other social and administrative services, public infrastructure, and a web of socio-economic and political linkages with the wider world. Apart from community resilience we need:

    1. Understanding Disaster Risk by promoting the collection, analysis, management, and use of relevant data and practical information and ensuring its dissemination.
    2. Strengthening disaster risk governance by establishing and strengthening government coordination forums composed of relevant stakeholders at the national and local levels, and having a designated national focal point for implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.
    3. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
    4. To enhance international mechanisms, such as the International Recovery Platform, for the sharing of experience and learning among countries and all relevant stakeholders.

    Disaster Management has to be a multi-disciplinary and proactive approach. Besides various measures for putting in place institutional and policy framework, disaster prevention, mitigation, community resilience, and preparedness have a key role to play in achieving our goal of moving together, towards a safer India.

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