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Home/upsc: conservation

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Sunita Soni
  • 1
Sunita SoniBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESP): What Are They? Draw attention to their importance and related difficulties.

upsc: conservation
  1. Firoj dud
    Firoj dud Begginer

    Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) or Ecologically Fragile Areas (EFAs) are areas notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) around Protected Areas (PA), National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, under provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The delineation of ESZRead more

    Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) or Ecologically Fragile Areas (EFAs) are areas notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) around Protected Areas (PA), National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries, under provisions of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The delineation of ESZ is site specific and relates to regulation rather than prohibition of specific activities.

    Significance of ESZS:

    • Acts as shock absorber: PAs are based on the core-buffer model of conservation. While core areas have legal status of being a national park, buffer areas don’t have such a status and can be a reserved forest, wildlife sanctuary or tiger reserve. ESZs thus act as a transition zone from areas of high protection to areas of lesser protection and work as shock absorbers around PAs.
    • Minimizes harmful impacts of developmental activities: Some activities like movement of commercial vehicles at night, construction of roads etc. are allowed but regulated in ESZs. Therefore, such transition zones minimize adverse impacts of developmental activities around PAs.
    • Conserve biodiversity: Areas outside PA network are vital ecological corridor links and require protection to prevent biodiversity fragmentation. ESZs help in conserving biodiversity, reducing forest depletion and man-animal conflict.
    • Promote Eco-tourism: ESZs help in in-situ conservation of flora and fauna and promote eco- tourism.
    • Bottoms up approach: Respective states, local bodies and experts are involved in deciding the extent of ESZ, permitted activities in it and management of the area.

    Challenges associated with ESZS

    • Identification of ESZS
      • As per 2011 Guidelines, proposals for ESZ should be prepared by states. However, states hesitate to finalize ESZ as it might hamper finances due to closure of industries and tourism activities. Presence of minerals and resources near PAs further disrupts the identification of ESZS.
      • For PAs around heavily populated urban areas such as Guindy National Park in Chennai, ESZ loses relevance as its limit extends up to a few meters only.
    • Lack of consultation: A survey of the implementation of ESZs in the Jim Corbett National park revealed that it is an exclusionary mode of conservation that does not include local communities in consultation process, displaces them and denies them their livelihoods.
    • Developmental activities:
      • Activities such as construction of dams, roads, urban and rural infrastructures in ESZs negatively impact the environment and cause habitat destruction.
      • States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Goa etc have deliberately kept mining areas out of ESZs, irrespective of its ecological value.
    • Insufficient regulation of tourism: There are no policies to regulate tourism. Hotels and mega resorts dominate the area and locals are restricted to low paying jobs. Also, the current guidelines do not put any restriction on the vehicular pollution in the area.

    Identifying the importance of ESZs, the Madhav Gadgil committee (2011) had recommended converting the whole Western Ghats into an ESZ. The Kasturirangan committee (2012) had recommended a complete ban on quarrying and sand mining in the ESZs and to demarcate the cultural and natural landscape of the area. In 2018, the Supreme Court ordered MoEFCC to declare an area of 10Km around 21 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries as ESZs.

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Manoj Singh
  • 0
Manoj SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
  • 0

In your opinion, does the Gross Environment Product (GEP) need to be considered when calculating GDP? Moreover, highlight the problems in obtaining GEP. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: conservation
  1. Puja Singh
    Puja Singh Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Gross Environment Product (GEP) is the total value of final ecosystem services supplied to human well-being in a region annually and can be measured in terms of biophysical value and monetary value. It indicates the overall health of the environment, as the GEP measures prime indicators such as foreRead more

    Gross Environment Product (GEP) is the total value of final ecosystem services supplied to human well-being in a region annually and can be measured in terms of biophysical value and monetary value. It indicates the overall health of the environment, as the GEP measures prime indicators such as forest cover, soil erosion, air quality and dissolved oxygen in river water.

    Need for GEP accounting in GDP calculation:

    • Economic growth alone cannot represent true economic development: Economic growth may adversely impact human well-being if it is accompanied by growing inequity and environmental degradation. Resource depletion during industrial growth impacts rural growth disproportionately, as the rural economy largely depends on natural resources.
      • GEP thus forms a balanced development approach where ecology is given equal space. Accounting GEP into GDP will give a true measure of the nation’s growth towards sustainable development.
    • Shortcomings of traditional systems: The traditional System of National Accounts (SNA) like GDP/GNP does not account for the value of natural resources and ecosystem services, like the provisioning services (food, wood etc.) and regulating services (water purification, carbon sequestration etc.).
      • Also, the value of environmental/resource degradation taking place during the developmental process are not taken into account.
    • Framing adequate policies: GEP helps in understanding the impact of anthropological pressure on our ecosystem and natural resources. This will enable us to make policies that will balance ecology and economy.

    Despite its significance, there are several issues in capturing GEP, including:

    • Knowledge gap: There is lack of data and an existent challenge to assign a monetary value to ecosystem services. Assigning monetary value to ecosystem services is possible only to a limited extent.
      • For example, the Pipal tree in India is revered as a holy tree and religious ceremonies are conducted under its shade. Here, economic valuation of the tree cannot encompass the complexity and the ecological, socio-cultural and institutional heterogeneity of a particular area.
    • Policy gap: There is lack of recognition of ecosystem services in economic decision-making, development planning and resource allocation. Value of ecosystem services is either ignored or not understood adequately.
    • Institutional failure: Insufficient ‘Compensation for Ecosystem Services’ (CES) is provided by the government to the stakeholders. CES involves recognising and compensating people who manage the land that contribute to the long-term security of ecosystem functions. A prominent CES mechanism is ‘Payments for Ecosystem Services’ (PES).

    Therefore, there is an urgent need to incorporate environmental assets in GDP calculation by collecting data on various types of natural capitals like forests, groundwater etc. and converting them into monetary terms. Most recently, Uttarakhand has shown the way by becoming the first state in India to take into account the Gross Environment Product (GEP) while calculating its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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Keshav Bajaj
  • 0
Keshav BajajBegginer
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

How might more effective outcomes be achieved by integrating traditional ecological knowledge with contemporary conservation practices?

upsc: conservation
  1. Yuvaan Iyer
    Yuvaan Iyer Learner

    Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge with Modern Conservation Practices for Better Outcomes Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) refers to the deep understanding of ecosystems developed by indigenous and local communities over generations. Integrating TEK with modern conservation practicesRead more

    Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge with Modern Conservation Practices for Better Outcomes
    Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) refers to the deep understanding of ecosystems developed by indigenous and local communities over generations. Integrating TEK with modern conservation practices can lead to more effective and culturally sensitive outcomes. This integration enhances both environmental sustainability and community well-being. Below, we explore how TEK can be harmonized with contemporary approaches to conservation, using recent examples to illustrate successful integration.

    1. Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics
    TEK offers valuable insights into ecosystem dynamics, including species behavior, habitat changes, and resource management practices that have evolved over centuries.

    Example: The Indigenous Fire Management Practices in Australia: Indigenous Australians have long used controlled burning to manage landscapes and prevent larger wildfires. Recent collaborations between Aboriginal communities and conservation agencies, such as those in the Northern Territory’s Savanna Fire Management Program, have integrated these traditional practices with modern fire management strategies. This approach has led to more effective wildfire management and habitat restoration.

    Example: The Maori’s Role in New Zealand: The Maori’s traditional knowledge of fishery management, including seasonal fishing practices and marine protected areas, has been integrated into New Zealand’s modern marine conservation efforts. The Te Tapuwae o Rongokako Marine Reserve benefits from this traditional knowledge, enhancing both marine biodiversity and sustainable fishing practices.

    2. Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation
    TEK can complement biodiversity conservation efforts by providing context-specific knowledge about species and habitats that modern science might overlook.

    Example: The Use of TEK in the Amazon Rainforest: In the Amazon, indigenous communities use their knowledge to manage and protect biodiversity-rich areas. The Amazon Conservation Team (ACT) collaborates with indigenous groups to monitor and protect medicinal plants and wildlife, integrating TEK with scientific research to enhance conservation outcomes.

    Example: The Man and Biosphere Programme in the Himalayas: In the Himalayas, local communities’ knowledge about medicinal plants and wildlife behavior is incorporated into conservation strategies. The Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve in Sikkim, India, utilizes traditional knowledge to manage and protect its diverse ecosystems.

    3. Promoting Sustainable Resource Management
    TEK often includes sustainable resource management practices that have been refined over time to ensure long-term resource availability and ecosystem health.

    Example: Community-Based Forest Management in Nepal: The Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) in Nepal leverage traditional knowledge to manage forest resources sustainably. These groups, which are based on local practices and customs, have been successful in reducing deforestation and improving forest health.

    Example: The Nomadic Grazing Practices in Mongolia: Traditional nomadic herding practices in Mongolia involve rotational grazing, which helps maintain grassland health and prevent overgrazing. Modern conservation projects, such as the Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area, integrate these traditional practices with scientific research to promote sustainable land management.

    4. Strengthening Local and Indigenous Rights
    Integrating TEK also involves recognizing and respecting local and indigenous rights, which can foster greater community engagement and ownership in conservation projects.

    Example: The Rights-Based Approach in Canada: In Canada, the Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCA) initiative recognizes and incorporates indigenous land management practices. This approach not only protects biodiversity but also respects and upholds the rights of Indigenous communities.

    Example: The Voluntary Guidelines for the Governance of Tenure: These guidelines, developed by the FAO, include principles that support the integration of traditional knowledge and respect for indigenous land rights in conservation efforts. They have been used to guide conservation projects in various regions, such as the Philippines, where indigenous communities are involved in forest conservation.

    5. Overcoming Challenges in Integration
    Despite its benefits, integrating TEK with modern conservation practices can face challenges such as knowledge transmission, power dynamics, and cultural sensitivity.

    Challenge of Knowledge Transmission: Ensuring that traditional knowledge is passed down accurately and effectively to younger generations can be difficult. Collaborative platforms and educational programs can help address this issue.

    Power Dynamics and Equity: Balancing power dynamics between indigenous communities and external conservation organizations is crucial. Ensuring that indigenous voices are heard and respected in decision-making processes can mitigate this challenge.

    Cultural Sensitivity: Conservation efforts must be culturally sensitive and respectful of local traditions and values. Projects should engage with local communities in a manner that honors their cultural heritage and knowledge.

    Conclusion
    Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) with modern conservation practices offers a promising path towards more effective and sustainable conservation outcomes. By combining the deep-rooted understanding of ecosystems provided by TEK with contemporary scientific methods, conservation efforts can benefit from holistic, culturally informed approaches. Successful integration requires mutual respect, collaborative partnerships, and an acknowledgment of the valuable contributions that traditional knowledge brings to modern conservation challenges.

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Kumudini Lakhia
  • 0
Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 20, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction to Rewilding Define rewilding in the context of environmental conservation. Mention the main goal: restoring ecosystems altered by human activity by reintroducing wildlife and natural processes. Briefly state its relevance to biodiversity restoration. 2. Explanation of Rewilding Highlight rewilding as ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Rewilding is an innovative approach to environmental conservation aimed at restoring ecosystems that have been altered by human activities to their natural state. It involves allowing wildlife and natural processes to reclaim areas that are no longer under human management, helping to rRead more

    Model Answer

    Rewilding is an innovative approach to environmental conservation aimed at restoring ecosystems that have been altered by human activities to their natural state. It involves allowing wildlife and natural processes to reclaim areas that are no longer under human management, helping to rejuvenate biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

    Principles Guiding Rewilding Initiatives

    1. Utilization of Wildlife
      Rewilding efforts should include the reintroduction of keystone species that play a critical role in ecological balance. These species help restore trophic interactions and contribute to ecosystem health. For instance, the reintroduction of the rare pygmy hog in Assam’s Manas National Park and Tiger Reserve is an example of this principle in action.
    2. Identification of Core Areas
      Rewilding requires securing core areas that support diverse species, restoring connectivity between these regions, and ensuring that humans and wildlife can coexist peacefully. Critical Wildlife Habitats, such as those established in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, help protect these essential areas.
    3. Community Engagement
      Local community support is vital for the success of rewilding projects. In the Western Himalayan region, local communities actively protect snow leopard habitats, showing the importance of involving indigenous knowledge and fostering stewardship.
    4. Focus on Ecological Recovery
      Rewilding initiatives should prioritize the recovery of ecological processes and interactions that once existed in healthy ecosystems. These efforts must be based on scientific evidence and local knowledge to guide restoration.
    5. Climate Change Mitigation
      Rewilding projects should address the impacts of climate change by incorporating adaptive strategies. For example, the ecological restoration in the Aravali Biodiversity Park uses climate-resilient tree species like babool and ghatbor.
    6. Scientific and Local Knowledge
      A successful rewilding approach must integrate both scientific research and local, traditional knowledge. Sacred groves in the Western Ghats, managed with a blend of religious and ecological understanding, exemplify this approach.
    7. Adaptive Management
      Continuous monitoring and adaptive management strategies are essential for ensuring rewilding projects remain effective and can evolve based on changing ecological and climatic conditions.

    These principles form the foundation for rewilding efforts that aim to restore biodiversity, mitigate climate change, and achieve long-term ecological sustainability.

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Rani Singh
  • 0
Rani SinghLearner
Asked: June 22, 2024In:
  • 0

What is natural farming with no budget (ZBNF)? Talk about its importance and difficulties in comparison to traditional farming. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: conservation
  1. Anushree Singh
    Anushree Singh Begginer

    Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a farming practice that promotes minimal external inputs and emphasizes natural processes to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Here’s a humanized overview of ZBNF, its significance, and challenges compared to traditional farming: Zero Budget Natural FarmRead more

    Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a farming practice that promotes minimal external inputs and emphasizes natural processes to maintain soil fertility and productivity. Here’s a humanized overview of ZBNF, its significance, and challenges compared to traditional farming:

    Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF):
    ZBNF is rooted in ancient farming practices but has been systematized by Subhash Palekar, an Indian agriculturist. The core principle is to eliminate external inputs such as synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Instead, it utilizes locally available resources like cow dung, cow urine, and crop residues to enhance soil health and fertility. The term “zero budget” implies that farmers do not incur costs for purchasing external inputs, hence reducing their financial burden.

    • Significance:
      1. Environmental Sustainability: ZBNF promotes biodiversity, conserves water, and reduces soil erosion by maintaining natural ecological balances. It minimizes chemical pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with traditional farming practices.

      2. Cost-Effectiveness: By eliminating the need for expensive synthetic inputs, ZBNF reduces production costs for farmers. It improves their economic resilience and reduces dependency on external markets for inputs, thereby enhancing food security.

    • 3. Soil Health: By focusing on organic matter and microbial activity in the soil, ZBNF improves soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability over the long term. This leads to sustainable yields without degrading soil fertility.
    • 4. Community Empowerment: ZBNF encourages farmer autonomy and knowledge sharing within communities. It revitalizes traditional farming wisdom and empowers farmers to make informed decisions based on their local ecological conditions.

    Challenges vis-a-vis Traditional Farming:
    1 . Transition Period:Adopting ZBNF requires a transition period where farmers may experience initial yield fluctuations or pest management challenges as the soil ecosystem adjusts to organic methods.

    2. Knowledge and Training: Farmers need access to training and support to effectively implement ZBNF practices. Traditional farming methods are deeply ingrained, and shifting mindsets requires continuous education and demonstration of successful outcomes.

    3. Market Access: ZBNF products may face challenges in accessing markets that are accustomed to conventional produce. Certification and labeling processes for organic products can also be cumbersome for small-scale farmers.

    4. Scaling Up: Scaling ZBNF practices to larger farms or commercial agriculture requires supportive policies, infrastructure for organic inputs, and market incentives to ensure profitability.

    In conclusion, Zero Budget Natural Farming represents a sustainable alternative to conventional farming practices, promoting ecological balance, economic viability, and community empowerment. While it presents challenges in adoption and scaling, its potential to transform agriculture towards sustainability makes it a significant approach in India’s quest for food security and environmental stewardship.

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Kumudini Lakhia
  • 0
Kumudini LakhiaEnthusiast
Asked: January 20, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (Briefly define IAS and its relevance) Start by defining what invasive alien species (IAS) are: Non-native species that threaten biodiversity, ecosystem services, or human well-being (IUCN). Mention their increasing growth and spread, and their growing concern in ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Globalization and Trade: Increased international trade, transportation, and tourism have facilitated the movement of non-native species. For example, the Argentine ant has become a significant threat to native Hawaiian arthropods due to global shipping routesIllegal Wildlife Trade: TheRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Globalization and Trade: Increased international trade, transportation, and tourism have facilitated the movement of non-native species. For example, the Argentine ant has become a significant threat to native Hawaiian arthropods due to global shipping routesIllegal Wildlife Trade: The trade of exotic plants and animals contributes to the spread of IAS. Species such as tree squirrels have been introduced worldwide, mainly through the international pet trade .
    2. Natural Predators: When IAS are introduced into new environments, they often lack natural predators, allowing them to proliferate uncontrollably. A case in point is the brown tree snake in Guam, which caused the extinction of several bird species due to the absence of predators .
    3. *High Surv: Certain IAS, like the Senna plant, possess high reproductive rates and rapid growth, enabling them to dominate ecosystems and outcompete native species .

    Harmful Effects India

    1. Threats to Natural Systems: Around 66% of India’s natural ecosystems are threatened by IAS. For instance, the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats is heavily impacted by the invasion of species like Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, and Chromolaena odorata .
    2. Economic Losses: IAS posecant economic threat. The loss of ecosystem services due to IAS affects forestry, agriculture, fisheries, and other natural systems, costing the Indian economy an estimated $182.6 billion .
    3. Biodiversity Threats: IAS suppressodiversity and cause local extinctions. For example, the spread of Prosopis juliflora in Tamil Nadu has altered agricultural lands and grazing commons, forcing local communities to seek new livelihoods .
    4. Health Risks: Some IAS, such as the Asian tito, are vectors of diseases like Dengue and Chikungunya, posing significant health threats to humans .

    In summary, the spread of IAS is driven by globalizati and a lack of natural predators, which disrupt ecosystems, economies, and human health. Addressing this challenge is crucial for India’s biodiversity conservation and sustainable development efforts.

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Team
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TeamSupreme
Asked: September 10, 2024In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define the Jal Shakti Abhiyan. State its significance in addressing water conservation and security in India. 2. Salient Features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan Integrated Approach: Explain the collaboration among various ministries, departments, and stakeholders for comprehensive water management. Water Conservation ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction The Jal Shakti Abhiyan, launched by the Government of India, is a pivotal initiative aimed at enhancing water conservation and security across the nation. This comprehensive campaign incorporates various strategies to promote efficient water management and increase water avRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    The Jal Shakti Abhiyan, launched by the Government of India, is a pivotal initiative aimed at enhancing water conservation and security across the nation. This comprehensive campaign incorporates various strategies to promote efficient water management and increase water availability.

    Salient Features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan

    1. Integrated Approach:
      The Abhiyan adopts a holistic strategy by uniting multiple ministries, departments, and stakeholders. This collaborative effort aims to tackle water conservation comprehensively.
    2. Water Conservation Campaigns:
      A significant focus is placed on grassroots awareness and education. The program engages communities, schools, and institutions to adopt water-saving practices and techniques, fostering a culture of conservation.
    3. Water Resource Assessment:
      The initiative includes thorough assessments of water resources, evaluating groundwater levels, availability, and quality. This helps identify areas facing water stress and facilitates sustainable water management planning.
    4. Rainwater Harvesting:
      The promotion of rainwater harvesting techniques is central to the Abhiyan. It encourages the construction of rooftop systems, check dams, and percolation tanks to recharge groundwater levels.
    5. Water Budgeting and Crop Planning:
      Efficient water budgeting and crop planning are emphasized. The program promotes micro-irrigation, crop diversification, and optimal water use in agriculture to enhance productivity.
    6. Renovation of Traditional Water Bodies:
      The Abhiyan focuses on restoring traditional water bodies like ponds and lakes, which helps augment water storage, recharge groundwater, and improve rural water availability.
    7. Revival of Rivers:
      To rejuvenate rivers, the initiative emphasizes river basin planning and ecological restoration, ensuring minimum environmental flows and sustainable management practices.
    8. Policy Reforms:
      The program advocates for necessary policy reforms and regulatory mechanisms to enhance water governance, strengthening laws and frameworks for effective implementation.

    Conclusion

    The Jal Shakti Abhiyan encompasses vital measures such as rainwater harvesting, restoration of traditional water bodies, and awareness campaigns. These initiatives are essential for sustainable water resource management and securing water availability for future generations.

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Krishna Vasudev
  • 0
Krishna VasudevLearner
Asked: July 27, 2024In:
  • 0

Evaluate how well India’s payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs work to encourage conservation initiatives.

upsc: conservation
  1. Kartik Raman
    Kartik Raman Begginer

    Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes are designed to provide financial incentives to landowners or communities for managing their land in ways that protect or enhance ecosystem services. In India, these schemes aim to address environmental degradation, conserve biodiversity, and support sustRead more

    Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes are designed to provide financial incentives to landowners or communities for managing their land in ways that protect or enhance ecosystem services. In India, these schemes aim to address environmental degradation, conserve biodiversity, and support sustainable land use practices. Here’s an assessment of the effectiveness of PES schemes in incentivizing conservation efforts in India:

    1. Overview of PES Schemes in India

    Concept:

    • PES Schemes: PES involve transactions where landowners or resource managers are compensated for providing ecosystem services such as clean water, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation.
    • Implementation: Various PES schemes have been implemented in India, often focusing on forest conservation, watershed management, and biodiversity protection.

    Examples:

    • Forestry Programs: Initiatives like the Joint Forest Management (JFM) and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) include components that align with PES principles.
    • Watershed Management: Programs like the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) incorporate PES elements to incentivize sustainable land use in watersheds.

    2. Effectiveness of PES Schemes

    Positive Outcomes:

    • Enhanced Conservation Efforts: PES schemes have led to improvements in conservation practices, including reforestation, improved watershed management, and enhanced biodiversity protection.
      • Case Study: In the Western Ghats, PES schemes have supported reforestation and sustainable agriculture practices, contributing to biodiversity conservation and improved ecosystem health.
    • Increased Community Involvement: By providing financial incentives, PES schemes encourage local communities to actively participate in conservation efforts and sustainable land management.
      • Case Study: The Satpura Landscape Program has engaged local communities in conservation activities, improving forest management and reducing poaching.
    • Sustainable Livelihoods: PES can provide alternative income sources for communities, reducing the reliance on activities that degrade the environment.
      • Case Study: The Agastya Nature Foundation’s PES program has provided training and financial support to communities in Karnataka, leading to better conservation outcomes and enhanced local livelihoods.

    Challenges:

    • Limited Scale and Coverage: Many PES schemes in India are small-scale or pilot projects with limited geographical coverage, making it challenging to assess their impact on a larger scale.
      • Issue: The effectiveness of PES schemes can be constrained by their limited reach, preventing widespread adoption and impact.
    • Inadequate Funding: Some PES schemes face challenges related to insufficient funding or irregular payments, which can undermine their effectiveness and sustainability.
      • Issue: Inconsistent funding can lead to a lack of trust and commitment from participants, affecting the long-term success of PES schemes.
    • Complex Implementation: The design and implementation of PES schemes can be complex, requiring coordination between various stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, and local communities.
      • Issue: Complexities in scheme design and stakeholder engagement can lead to inefficiencies and challenges in achieving desired conservation outcomes.
    • Monitoring and Evaluation: Effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are essential for assessing the impact of PES schemes, but these can be lacking or inadequately developed in some cases.
      • Issue: Without robust monitoring, it is difficult to measure the effectiveness of PES schemes and make necessary adjustments.

    3. Case Studies and Success Stories

    1. Western Ghats:

    • Implementation: PES schemes in the Western Ghats have supported reforestation, watershed management, and sustainable agriculture.
    • Outcome: Improved forest cover, enhanced biodiversity, and better watershed health.

    2. Satpura Landscape Program:

    • Implementation: Engaged local communities in forest management and anti-poaching activities.
    • Outcome: Better forest management practices and reduced poaching incidents.

    3. Agastya Nature Foundation (Karnataka):

    • Implementation: Provided financial support and training for sustainable land management.
    • Outcome: Improved conservation practices and enhanced livelihoods for local communities.

    4. Strategies for Improvement

    1. Scaling Up:

    • Expand Coverage: Increase the scale and coverage of PES schemes to enhance their impact and reach more areas in need of conservation.
    • National Framework: Develop a national framework for PES to standardize practices and improve coordination across regions.

    2. Secure Funding:

    • Diversify Funding Sources: Explore diverse funding sources, including private sector investments, government support, and international grants.
    • Ensure Regular Payments: Establish mechanisms to ensure timely and consistent payments to participants.

    3. Simplify Implementation:

    • Streamline Processes: Simplify the design and implementation processes for PES schemes to reduce complexity and improve efficiency.
    • Engage Stakeholders: Foster effective collaboration between stakeholders to enhance the success of PES schemes.

    4. Strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation:

    • Develop Robust Metrics: Create robust monitoring and evaluation metrics to assess the impact of PES schemes and make data-driven adjustments.
    • Regular Reporting: Implement regular reporting and feedback mechanisms to track progress and address challenges.

    Conclusion

    PES schemes in India have shown promise in incentivizing conservation efforts, improving community involvement, and supporting sustainable livelihoods. However, their effectiveness is currently limited by challenges related to scale, funding, implementation complexity, and monitoring. By addressing these challenges and implementing strategies for improvement, PES schemes can become a more effective tool for conservation and sustainable development in India.

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Rajashree Shirke
  • 0
Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: February 11, 2025In:
  • 0

Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Definition of Watershed Management: Begin by defining watershed management. Explain that it refers to the coordinated effort to manage land, water, and related resources in a watershed area, aiming to optimize the use of these resources while ...

upsc: conservation
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Watershed management refers to the process of managing land, water, and related resources within a specific area known as a watershed. A watershed is the region from which all water drains into a common water body, such as a river, lake, or ocean. The goal of watershed manaRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Watershed management refers to the process of managing land, water, and related resources within a specific area known as a watershed. A watershed is the region from which all water drains into a common water body, such as a river, lake, or ocean. The goal of watershed management is to optimize the use of these resources while ensuring environmental sustainability. By integrating strategies to conserve water and soil, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve local ecosystems, watershed management aims to improve both environmental and socioeconomic conditions.

    Prospects of Watershed Management:

    1. Soil and Water Conservation:
      • Watershed management helps prevent soil erosion and improves water retention. Techniques like afforestation, contour bunding, and terracing are used to protect the soil and increase water infiltration.
      • Example: In Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh), watershed management projects have focused on soil and water conservation, afforestation, and improving livelihoods for tribal communities.
    2. Sustainable Agriculture:
      • It promotes sustainable agricultural practices like crop rotation, organic farming, and agroforestry. These practices help increase productivity and protect the land for future generations.
      • Example: Watershed management programs in various regions have led to improved crop yields and better agricultural practices, benefiting farmers’ livelihoods.
    3. Biodiversity Conservation:
      • By conserving natural habitats and encouraging sustainable land use, watershed management helps protect biodiversity.
      • Example: The Ecological and Watershed Restoration Program in the Philippines has been instrumental in conserving threatened species and ecosystems.
    4. Water Resource Development:
      • Watershed management includes projects like check dams, reservoirs, and rainwater harvesting systems to improve water availability for irrigation and domestic use.
      • Examples:
        • Andhra Pradesh’s Neeru-Chettu program rejuvenated degraded lands and enhanced water resources.
        • Rajasthan’s Jheel Jeevan project restored traditional water bodies (johads), helping with local water conservation.
        • In Nepal, the Watershed Development Fund increased water availability for both irrigation and domestic purposes.
    5. Climate Change Resilience:
      • Proper watershed management can help ecosystems become more resilient to climate change by improving water storage and land-use practices.
      • Example: The Watershed Management Project in Ethiopia integrated climate change adaptation strategies to protect communities and ecosystems.

    Limitations of Watershed Management:

    1. Financial Constraints:
      • Watershed management projects require significant investment in infrastructure, training, and monitoring. Lack of funds can hinder effective implementation.
    2. Institutional Challenges:
      • Watershed management involves multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and NGOs. Coordinating these diverse groups can be difficult, causing delays and inefficiencies.
    3. Technical Expertise:
      • The success of watershed management requires expertise in various fields like hydrology, agriculture, and ecology. A shortage of skilled professionals can reduce the quality and impact of interventions.
    4. Climate Change:
      • Climate change may alter rainfall patterns, increase the frequency of extreme weather events, and affect water availability, making watershed management even more challenging. Managing these impacts may go beyond the scope of traditional watershed management approaches.
    5. Social Equity:
      • Sometimes, watershed management projects can negatively affect marginalized communities, especially if they lose access to traditional resources or livelihoods. Ensuring fair participation and benefit-sharing is crucial for the success of these projects.
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Define carrying capacity. Explain its relevance to ecosystems and environmental sustainability. Body Section 1: Concept of Carrying Capacity Definition: The maximum population size an ecosystem can support sustainably. Factors influencing carrying capacity: Resource availability, renewal rates, and regenerative capacities. Dynamic nature: Changes over ...

upsc: conservation
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    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustainably support without degrading its resources. It reflects the delicate balance between the needs of a population—such as food, water, and habitat—and the ecosystem's ability toRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can sustainably support without degrading its resources. It reflects the delicate balance between the needs of a population—such as food, water, and habitat—and the ecosystem’s ability to provide these essential resources. Factors affecting carrying capacity include resource availability, renewal rates, and regenerative capacities, and it is dynamic, changing over time due to climate change, habitat degradation, and resource depletion.

    Importance in Sustainable Development Planning

    1. Resource Management:
      Recognizing carrying capacity is crucial for effective resource management. By assessing the availability of resources, planners can prevent overexploitation, ensuring that resources remain viable for future generations. For example, sustainable forestry practices can be implemented based on the forest’s carrying capacity, maintaining biodiversity.
    2. Environmental Preservation:
      Understanding carrying capacity aids in conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance. By acknowledging the limits of an ecosystem, planners can avoid resource overuse and habitat destruction. For instance, marine protected areas are established by considering the carrying capacity of aquatic ecosystems, which helps preserve fish populations.
    3. Population Control:
      Carrying capacity underscores the necessity for population control measures to maintain a sustainable balance between human population and available resources. Empowering women through education and reproductive health services is essential for achieving population stability, ultimately aligning human needs with ecosystem limits.
    4. Resilience and Adaptability:
      Incorporating carrying capacity into development plans enhances ecosystem resilience and adaptability. By recognizing ecological limits, planners can mitigate risks and minimize environmental degradation, promoting long-term sustainability.
    5. Mitigating Negative Impacts:
      Understanding carrying capacity helps identify potential adverse effects of economic activities, such as resource depletion and habitat loss. This knowledge enables policymakers to develop strategies that foster sustainable economic growth while preventing conflicts over limited resources.

    Conclusion

    By understanding the carrying capacity of ecosystems, policymakers and planners can make informed decisions regarding resource allocation, population control, and conservation efforts. This comprehension ensures that development activities remain within environmental limits, preventing resource depletion and ecological imbalances. Considering carrying capacity is essential for achieving sustainable development and preserving the delicate balance between human needs and the environment.

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