Model Answer

Changes in Society from Rig Vedic to Later Vedic Period

1. Varna System Evolution

During the Rig Vedic period, society exhibited a flexible social structure. However, in the Later Vedic period, the Varna system became formalized. The Purusha Sukta describes the creation of four varnas, with Brahmins and Kshatriyas rising to prominence.

2. Patriarchal Society

The status of women declined as patriarchal norms solidified. In the Rig Vedic period, women enjoyed greater freedom, including choosing their spouses, but by the Later Vedic period, practices like child marriage became common.

3. Role of Brahmins

Brahmins gained significant power, controlling religious rituals and advising rulers. The Yajurveda illustrates their pivotal role in conducting elaborate rituals for kings.

4. Village Settlements

The Later Vedic period saw the emergence of village-based societies, with settled agriculture becoming the norm. The Ganga-Yamuna Doab emerged as a central region for agricultural communities.

5. Political Changes

Governance evolved from tribal assemblies like Sabhas and Samitis in the Rig Vedic period to centralized monarchies in the Later Vedic period, marking a shift towards hierarchical power structures.

Changes in Economy from Rig Vedic to Later Vedic Period

1. Pastoral to Agrarian Economy

The economy transitioned from pastoralism to agriculture. The introduction of iron plows in the Ganges Valley significantly boosted agricultural productivity.

2. Land Ownership

Private land ownership became more prominent, with kings granting land to Brahmins. The term Bhoomi-daan reflects the importance of land grants during this period.

3. Trade and Commerce

With the shift to an agrarian society, trade flourished. The Shrenis, or guilds, organized traders and artisans into professional groups.

4. Cattle Wealth to Land Wealth

While cattle were central in the Rig Vedic period, the Later Vedic period emphasized land wealth, reflected in the Ashvamedha Yajna symbolizing territorial dominance.

5. Barter to Proto-Currency

The economy shifted from barter systems to proto-currencies, such as Nishka and Krishnala, indicating growing trade complexities.

Conclusion

In summary, the transition from the Rig Vedic to the Later Vedic period marked significant social stratification and economic shifts from pastoralism to agriculture, laying the groundwork for future societal structures.