Model Answer

Definition of Urban Agriculture
Urban agriculture involves the cultivation of food and non-food products within urban and peri-urban spaces, which can include activities such as vertical farming, rooftop gardens, aquaponics, and urban beekeeping. Globally, urban agriculture contributes approximately 5-10% of legumes, vegetables, and tubers and up to 20% of all food supply, providing locally grown produce to city residents.

Benefits of Urban Agriculture

1. Health and Nutrition Benefits
   Urban agriculture reduces the supply chain by eliminating intermediaries, which helps maintain food nutrients and reduce food damage during transport. This local supply of fresh produce can reduce reliance on processed foods, potentially lowering the risk of lifestyle diseases related to poor diet. Source: FAO, Urban Agriculture Report 2021.
2. Economic Benefits
   By shortening the distance between farm and consumer, urban agriculture strengthens the resilience of the food supply chain and reduces dependency on factors like oil prices and agricultural imports. It also supports job creation through the establishment of urban farming businesses, providing employment opportunities within local communities. Source: World Bank, Agriculture in Cities Review.
3. Environmental Benefits
   Urban agriculture supports urban biodiversity, improves air quality, and can mitigate the urban heat island effect. It helps reduce carbon emissions by minimizing transportation needs and packaging. Additionally, green spaces in cities can act as carbon sinks and reduce stormwater runoff, particularly through techniques like aquaponics and street landscaping. Source: UN Environment Programme.
4. Waste Management
   Organic waste can be composted for use in urban farms, reducing landfill needs and contributing to sustainable waste management. Source: Global Waste Management Outlook, UNEP.

Challenges of Urban Agriculture

1. Limited Access and High Costs
   Urban farming often requires costly private land or rooftop spaces, making it financially exclusive and limiting broader access. Source: Urban Land Institute Report.
2. Water Demand
   Urban agriculture can strain city water resources since it often relies on potable municipal water, contributing to potential shortages. Source: World Resources Institute.
3. Lack of Recognition
   Many governments lack formal policies supporting urban agriculture, and some view it as a nuisance. For instance, farming on the Yamuna floodplain in India has historically been disregarded in urban planning. Source: Ministry of Urban Development, India.
4. Other Issues
   Urban farms face challenges like radiant heat from surrounding concrete structures, potential chemical contamination, and risks of theft or vandalism. Source: FAO, Challenges in Urban Agriculture.

Urban agriculture holds great promise for sustainable city living, but recognizing its challenges is essential for effective integration into city planning.

Model Answer

Despite their numerous benefits, such as being nutritionally rich and climate-resilient, millets have seen a decline in adoption by Indian farmers. Several factors contribute to this low uptake:

1. Low Demand and Consumption

Millets were once a staple in Indian diets but their consumption has sharply declined. The per capita consumption fell from 32.9 kg in 1962 to just 3.87 kg in 2022. Factors contributing to this include the longer cooking time required for millets compared to rice and wheat, a lack of value-added millet-based products, and diminishing traditional knowledge of millet-based recipes.

These factors have led to reduced consumer interest and demand for millet Productivity and Marginal Land Cultivation Millet productivity averages only 1 to 1.5 tonnes per hectare, which is significantly lower than that of rice and wheat. This low yield results in reduced profitability for farmers, forcing them to grow millets on marginal lands with even lower productivity potential. Consequently, farmers are often discouraged from choosing millets over more profitable crops .

2. Government Procurement

The government’s procurement of millets remains insufficient, which further exacerbates the issue. For example, the procurement rates for pearl millet, sorghum, and finger millet are extremely low, ranging from 1% to 15% of their total production. In contrast, procurement for staple crops like rice and wheat is much higher, ensuring better prices and stability for these crops .

3. Poor Seed Storage Issues

Farmers often face challenges with low-quality seeds, which are either contaminated with weeds or diseases, reducing the chances of a good yield. Additionally, millets have a shorter shelf life and are prone to pest infestation during storage, leading to higher wastage and decreased profitability .

Conclusion

To boost millet cultivation, India needs to focus on improving seed quality, enhancing government procurement, providing better storage solutions, and developing modern processing technologies. These efforts can drive both production and consumption, enabling millets to regain their role in India’s agricultural landscape.

Model Answer

Introduction

Genetically modified (GM) crops are plants that have been altered through modern biotechnology to include novel combinations of genes. In India, the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is responsible for the approval and commercial release of GM crops. While GM crops are praised for their potential to enhance yields and resilience, concerns regarding their ecological impact and food safety remain significant.

Role of GM Crops in Enhancing Yields and Resilience

GM crops are designed to tackle several agricultural challenges, contributing to both improved crop productivity and resilience:

• Pest Resistance: GM crops, like Bt cotton, are engineered to be resistant to pests. Bt cotton contains a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a protein toxic to specific pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and ensuring higher yields.
• Drought Tolerance: GM crops can be modified to withstand water stress, which is especially beneficial in areas prone to drought. For example, drought-resistant GM maize can thrive in water-scarce regions, ensuring stable yields even during dry spells.
• Nutritional Enhancement: GM crops like Golden rice have been engineered to combat micronutrient deficiencies. Golden rice, enriched with beta-carotene, helps address vitamin A deficiency, a major health issue in many developing countries.

Ecological and Food Safety Concerns

Despite the potential benefits, GM crops raise several environmental and food safety concerns:

• Biodiversity Loss: The use of herbicide-tolerant GM crops may lead to overuse of specific herbicides, causing the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. This disrupts local ecosystems and reduces plant biodiversity.
• Biosafety Risks: GM crops may unintentionally harm non-target species. For instance, insect-resistant plants could affect beneficial insects, leading to a loss of species diversity.
• Cross-Pollination and Gene Flow: GM crops such as canola can cross-pollinate with wild relatives, potentially spreading modified genes to non-GM populations. This gene flow can affect natural plant varieties and disrupt ecosystems.
• Unintended Ecological Consequences: The introduction of GM crops with resistance to pests may inadvertently harm other organisms, leading to imbalances in the ecosystem. For example, pests may develop resistance to the modified genes, causing a cycle of escalating pesticide use.

Food Safety Concerns

• Allergenicity: There is concern that GM crops could introduce new allergens. The transfer of allergenic genes into GM crops might pose risks to sensitive individuals, raising safety concerns.
• Health Impacts: GM crops often have altered nutritional profiles. While they are engineered for improved traits, the long-term health effects of consuming GM foods remain uncertain, and more studies are needed.
• Resistance Development: Over-reliance on specific GM traits (such as pest resistance) can lead to the evolution of resistant pests or diseases. This would require increased pesticide use, which could harm both the environment and human health.

Way Forward

To address the challenges surrounding GM crops, several measures can be taken:

• Evidence-Based Decisions: Governments should base decisions regarding GM technology on robust scientific research, ensuring that all benefits and risks are carefully evaluated.
• Openness and Transparency: A transparent approach to GM crop regulation can help build public trust. Clear communication about scientific findings and safety protocols is crucial to mitigate concerns.
• Stakeholder Involvement: It is important to involve all relevant parties, including scientists, farmers, consumers, and environmentalists, in decision-making processes. A participatory approach ensures that diverse perspectives are considered.
• Precautionary Principle: Due to the uncertainty surrounding GM technology, adopting a precautionary principle is advisable. This means waiting for broader scientific consensus before rolling out GM crops on a large scale.
• Improved Policy Frameworks: Policymakers should focus on creating frameworks that address pricing, input costs, and equitable benefits for all stakeholders involved in GM cultivation.
• Strong Liability Laws: Enforcing strict liability laws will hold companies accountable for any environmental or unforeseen harm caused by GM technology. This encourages responsible practices and environmental stewardship.

Model Answer

Introduction

The Yellow Revolution, also known as the Oilseed Revolution, was a significant transformation in India’s agricultural sector. Launched in 1986, this movement aimed to boost the production of oilseeds, improving the nation’s self-sufficiency in edible oils. It played a vital role in reducing India’s dependence on oilseed imports and enhancing food security.

About the Yellow Revolution

• Origin:
  • The Yellow Revolution began in 1986 under the Oil Technological Mission, continuing until 1987, with a focus on increasing the production of oilseeds.
• Coverage:
  • It focused on major oilseeds such as mustard, soybean, and sunflower.
• Yield Improvement:
  • The revolution introduced high-yielding hybrid varieties of oilseeds, leading to a significant increase in yields. For example, mustard yields increased from around 675 kg per hectare in 1960-61 to over 1,500 kg per hectare in recent years.
• Global Impact:
  • Today, India is the fourth-largest producer of oilseeds globally, accounting for about 20% of the global area and 10% of the total production.

Significance of the Yellow Revolution for India’s Economy:

• Reduced Import Dependence:
  • The increase in domestic production helped reduce India’s reliance on oilseed imports, improving the trade balance and ensuring greater economic stability.
• Rural Employment and Livelihoods:
  • Oilseed cultivation created new job opportunities in rural areas, contributing to livelihood enhancement. Farmers benefitted from increased income through oilseed farming, processing, and marketing.
• Value Addition and Agro-processing:
  • The rise in oilseed production also led to the growth of agro-processing industries, including oil extraction and refining units. This added value to raw oilseeds and generated additional economic returns.
• Boost to Agricultural Productivity:
  • The Yellow Revolution encouraged the adoption of modern farming practices, improved seed varieties, and advanced technology, all of which boosted agricultural productivity.
• Spillover Effects on Other Industries:
  • Oilseeds are not only used in food production but also serve as raw materials for industries like cosmetics, chemicals, soaps, and detergents, contributing to economic growth beyond agriculture.
• Human Capital Development:
  • The increased availability of edible oils improved nutrition across the country, leading to better health outcomes and the development of human capital. For example, per capita edible oil consumption rose from 6.4 kg in 1976 to 15.4 kg by 2013.