Evolution and Impact of the Basic Structure Doctrine

Evolution:

1. Introduction: The Basic Structure Doctrine was established by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973). The Court, led by Chief Justice S.M. Sikri, ruled that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter the “basic structure” or fundamental framework of the Constitution.
2. Development: The doctrine evolved to safeguard core constitutional principles from being undermined by amendments. Subsequent cases, including Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) and Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980), reinforced and clarified its scope, affirming that the basic structure includes elements like democracy, rule of law, and separation of powers.
3. Broadening Scope: In L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997) and I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007), the doctrine’s application was extended to protect judicial review and federal structure, reflecting its dynamic role in constitutional jurisprudence.

Impact:

1. Protection of Core Values: The doctrine has been crucial in preserving essential constitutional values such as democracy, federalism, and secularism. It acts as a safeguard against potential overreach by the Parliament, ensuring that fundamental aspects of the Constitution remain intact.
2. Judicial Review: It strengthens the judiciary’s role in reviewing constitutional amendments, balancing legislative power with constitutional permanence. For instance, in the 2019 Supreme Court judgment upholding the National Register of Citizens (NRC) process, the Court emphasized adherence to constitutional principles without compromising the basic structure.
3. Constitutional Integrity: By preventing amendments that could alter the fundamental framework, the doctrine upholds the integrity and stability of the Constitution. This has ensured continuity and consistency in India’s constitutional governance.

In essence, the Basic Structure Doctrine has played a pivotal role in maintaining the core values of the Indian Constitution while allowing for necessary reforms and amendments within its framework.