It is a genetic engineering technique, and it falls in the field of biotechnology, which is defined as the manipulation of the genome of an organism, using biotechnologies. It enables genome editing, deletion or insertion of a gene into a living organism so that the end goals desired by the scientists can be achieved. From medicine to agriculture to industry, this technology is going to change so many fields. In medicine, it promotes the creation of insulin and other therapeutic proteins, allowing costs for treatment of diseases such as diabetes to be lowered. In agriculture, genetically modified crops are more resistant to disease and pest infestation, potentially increasing yield and decreasing the amount of chemicals needed. On an industrial scale, it is also utilized in biofuel and biodegradable plastic production, promoting sustainability in that way as well. Gene editing comes with many advantages; however, you must understand that it carries ethical and environmental implications that must be governed appropriately (Ting et al., 2023).

The organized structure of disaster management cycles help mitigate disastrous effects and facilitate recovery. These cycles are generally characterized in four major phases: mitigation phase, preparedness phase, response phase, and recovery phase. Mitigation includes efforts to prevent disasters or reduce their impacts, like building codes and land-use management. Preparedness is that whole bit about planning and training so that, when a disaster strikes, you can respond appropriately; handing out emergency medical supplies to those in need after you have stockpiled them and run your emergency drills. Response is the first aid given in a disaster situation to preserve life, protect property and meet basic human needs (for examples, search and rescue). Recovery refers to the long term efforts to restore and improve the lives of disaster affected communities including reconstruction of infrastructure and provision of psychological support. Each phase is important and interconnected, enabling a holistic approach to disaster management.

Mahatma Gandhi countrywide Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) passed in 2005 has been a large legislation in India, it goals to offer at the least a hundred days of unskilled wage-employment in a economic 12 months to each rural household. This scheme is distinctive in its scope, that is pretty one of a kind from previous schemes that typically centered on coins transfers or subsidies. The program under MNREGA focuses on generating long lasting basis infrastructures and improvise economic and social basis infrastructures in rural areas to generate sustainable development.

Another significant move as compared to the earlier policies is that MNREGA was based on participatory governance and emphasized transparency and accountability. It makes gram sabhas (village councils) responsible for planning and monitoring, ensuring the local community’s needs and priorities are addressed. The scheme also incorporates social audit and grievance redressal mechanisms, which were lacking in previous programs.

A look at MNREGA’s impact in the state of Uttarakhand is mixed. Though the scheme has helped rural households find a way out of never-ending unemployment, it has not been without its share of challenges. Stalled fund disbursement and wage delays have inhibited participation, which is one of the main difficulties. Additionally, due to poor quality assets created under the scheme, that have limited long term benefits. Facilitating such participatory and transparent mechanisms as contemplated in the act has also been a trouble area with gram sabhas not being effectively engaged in the planning process.

Despite these challenges, MNREGA has made significant strides in Uttarakhand by providing a safety net for vulnerable populations and improving rural infrastructure (to an extent). To fully realize its objectives, however, the state must address administrative inefficiencies and enhance community participation and the quality of work to be done under the scheme.