After Chausa, Humayun’s position weakened due to political instability, Afghan invasions, and discontent within his empire. He lost military support and faced internal dissent, making recovery difficult. While it was theoretically possible to regain control, lack of resources and timely assistance hindered his efforts to re-establish authority.

The main causes of conflict between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani Empires included territorial expansion, control over water resources, and dominance of trade routes. Religious and cultural differences further fueled tensions, while the military strength of both empires intensified competition, leading to frequent confrontations and territorial disputes.

Feroz Tughlaq’s military reforms increased troop numbers and improved salaries, yet lacked sustainable impact. His administrative reforms reorganized provinces and promoted local governance, but were undermined by corruption and political instability. While he aimed for efficiency, the effectiveness of these reforms was limited by the prevailing challenges of his time.

During the Arab invasions, India experienced social stratification, political instability, and economic decline. Local rulers fought for power, trade diminished, and the spread of Islam altered religious dynamics, leading to increased Hindu-Muslim interactions. These changes significantly impacted the fabric of Indian society and its cultural landscape.

The two Sultanate rulers who faced maximum Mongol invasions were Iltutmish and Balban. Iltutmish successfully repelled Mongol attacks in 1221, securing the Sultanate’s borders. Balban, later in the 1260s, implemented strong military strategies to counter further Mongol threats, stabilizing and fortifying the Sultanate against invasions.