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Home/software engineering

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Shreeyash Patil
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Shreeyash PatilBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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artificial engineeringcomputer engineeringdata scienceit and computersmachine learningsoftware engineeringupsc
  1. Anusree Sanalkumar
    Anusree Sanalkumar Begginer

    Machine learning is a technology that enables computers to learn from data and make decisions or predictions without being explicitly programmed for each task. Here’s a quick look at its different types: 1. Supervised Learning Definition: The model is trained on a dataset where each example is labelRead more

    Machine learning is a technology that enables computers to learn from data and make decisions or predictions without being explicitly programmed for each task. Here’s a quick look at its different types:

    1. Supervised Learning

    • Definition: The model is trained on a dataset where each example is labeled with the correct answer. The goal is for the model to learn patterns that map inputs to outputs.
    • Example: Teaching a computer to recognize spam emails using a dataset of emails labeled as “spam” or “not spam.”

    2. Unsupervised Learning

    • Definition: The model is trained on data without labels. It tries to find hidden patterns or groupings in the data on its own.
    • Example: Grouping customers based on their buying behavior without pre-labeled categories.

    3. Semi-Supervised Learning

    • Definition: Combines a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. Useful when labeling data is expensive.
    • Example: Using a few labeled images to help classify a large set of unlabeled images.

    4. Reinforcement Learning

    • Definition: The model learns by interacting with an environment and receiving feedback in the form of rewards or penalties. It learns through trial and error.
    • Example: Training a robot to navigate a maze by rewarding it for finding the exit and penalizing it for hitting walls.

    These types help solve different kinds of problems and make computers smarter.

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Shreeyash Patil
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Shreeyash PatilBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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codingcomputer engineeingcomputers upscipv4ipv6softwaresoftware engineeringupsc
  1. Anusree Sanalkumar
    Anusree Sanalkumar Begginer

    1. Address Length IPv4: Uses 32-bit addresses, so we have around 4.3 billion unique addresses. IPv6: Uses 128-bit addresses, so it can provide a huge number of addresses—about 340 undecillion. 2. Address Format IPv4: Addresses are written with four numbers separated by dots. IPv6: Addresses are writRead more

    1. Address Length

    • IPv4: Uses 32-bit addresses, so we have around 4.3 billion unique addresses.
    • IPv6: Uses 128-bit addresses, so it can provide a huge number of addresses—about 340 undecillion.

    2. Address Format

    • IPv4: Addresses are written with four numbers separated by dots.
    • IPv6: Addresses are written with eight groups of four letters and numbers separated by colons.

    3. Header Complexity

    • IPv4: The header has many parts, which can make it a bit complicated.
    • IPv6: The header is simpler and faster to process.

    4. Address Configuration

    • IPv4: You can set addresses manually or use DHCP to do it automatically.
    • IPv6: Can automatically assign addresses by itself and also uses DHCPv6.

    5. NAT (Network Address Translation)

    • IPv4: Often uses NAT because there aren’t enough addresses for every device.
    • IPv6: Doesn’t need NAT because it has plenty of addresses for all devices.

    6. Security

    • IPv4: Security features are optional.
    • IPv6: Has built-in security features, making it more secure.

    7. Broadcasting

    • IPv4: Can send data to all devices on a network at once.
    • IPv6: Doesn’t use broadcasting but has other methods to send data.

    8. Fragmentation

    • IPv4: Both the sender and routers can break down large data packets.
    • IPv6: Only the sender breaks down data packets; routers don’t.

    So, IPv6 is like an upgraded version of IPv4, with more addresses, simpler setup, and better security.

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[Deleted User]
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[Deleted User]
Asked: July 22, 2024In:
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software engineeringsoftware qasoftware testing
  1. Vansika Singh
    Vansika Singh Begginer

    To design a test suite for a banking application, I would follow a layered approach: Unit Tests (20-30% of total tests) Focus on individual components, such as calculators, validators, and data access objects Use mocking libraries to isolate dependencies Test specific scenarios, edge cases, and erroRead more

    To design a test suite for a banking application, I would follow a layered approach:

    Unit Tests (20-30% of total tests)

    • Focus on individual components, such as calculators, validators, and data access objects
    • Use mocking libraries to isolate dependencies
    • Test specific scenarios, edge cases, and error handling
    • Examples: testing interest rate calculations, password hashing, and data encryption

    Integration Tests (40-50% of total tests)

    • Focus on interactions between components, such as API calls, database interactions, and file system access
    • Use test doubles and stubs to simulate dependencies
    • Test workflows, such as user authentication, transaction processing, and account updates
    • Examples: testing login functionality, transaction processing, and account balance updates

    End-to-End Tests (30-40% of total tests)

    • Focus on user interactions, such as UI workflows, user journeys, and business processes
    • Use tools like Selenium, Cypress, or Appium to simulate user interactions
    • Test critical user flows, such as depositing funds, transferring money, and paying bills
    • Examples: testing online banking login, fund transfer, and bill payment workflows

    This layered approach ensures comprehensive testing of the banking application, covering individual components, interactions between components, and user interactions.

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Shreeyash Patil
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Shreeyash PatilBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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codingcomputerscomputers upscit and computersjavasoftware engineeringupsc
  1. Devyush Raturi
    Devyush Raturi Learner

    Java's garbage collection process automatically manages memory for objects in the heap. Here's a simplified breakdown: Identifying Unused Objects: The garbage collector scans the heap to find unreachable objects. These are objects with no references pointing to them from your program. Marking ReachaRead more

    Java’s garbage collection process automatically manages memory for objects in the heap. Here’s a simplified breakdown:

    1. Identifying Unused Objects: The garbage collector scans the heap to find unreachable objects. These are objects with no references pointing to them from your program.

    2. Marking Reachable Objects: It starts by identifying “root” objects (global variables, local variables holding references). Then, it traces all objects reachable from these roots. Reachable objects are considered in use.

    3. Cleaning Up: Unreachable objects are deemed garbage and removed from memory, freeing up space in the heap.

    This is a basic overview. There are different generations in the heap with varying collection frequencies, and some garbage collection cycles may involve compacting the heap to improve memory allocation efficiency.

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Shreeyash Patil
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Shreeyash PatilBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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blockchain technologiescodingcomputers and itcomputers upscsoftware engineeringupsc
  1. Google User
    Google User Begginer

    Blockchain technologies function as decentralized, distributed ledgers that record transactions across multiple computers. This decentralized nature ensures that no single entity has control over the entire network, enhancing security and transparency. Each transaction is grouped into a block, whichRead more

    Blockchain technologies function as decentralized, distributed ledgers that record transactions across multiple computers. This decentralized nature ensures that no single entity has control over the entire network, enhancing security and transparency. Each transaction is grouped into a block, which is then validated by network participants (nodes) through consensus mechanisms such as Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS). Once validated, the block is added to the chain in a linear, chronological order, making it nearly impossible to alter previous records without consensus from the majority of the network.

    Potential applications of blockchain extend across various industries:

    1. Financial Services: Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum enable peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries, reducing costs and increasing transaction speed.
    2. Supply Chain Management: Blockchain can track the provenance of goods, ensuring transparency and reducing fraud.
    3. Healthcare: Securely sharing patient records across providers while maintaining privacy.
    4. Voting Systems: Providing tamper-proof and transparent voting processes.
    5. Smart Contracts: Self-executing contracts with terms directly written into code, reducing the need for intermediaries.
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Shreeyash Patil
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Shreeyash PatilBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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codingcomputers and itcomputers upscengineeringoopspolymorphismsoftware engineeringupsc
  1. Anusree Sanalkumar
    Anusree Sanalkumar Begginer

    Polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon, even if they share the same name. It lets one interface be used for a general class of actions, making code more flexible and reusable. Imagine you have a book class with a methodRead more

    Polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon, even if they share the same name. It lets one interface be used for a general class of actions, making code more flexible and reusable.

    Imagine you have a book class with a method called “summary()”. If you create two types of books, “novel” and “biography”, each type can have its own version of “summary()”. When you use the “summary()” method on a book, it will show the right summary based on whether the book is a “novel” or a “biography”. Even though you use the same method name, it does different things depending on the type of book.

    class Book:
  def summary(self):
    return "This is a book."

class Novel(Book):
  def summary(self):
    return "This is a fictional story."

class Biography(Book):
  def summary(self):
    return "This is a real-life story."

novel = Novel()
biography = Biography()

print(novel.summary())
print(biography.summary())

    In this simpler code, the “summar()” method in the “book” class provides a general description, while the “novel” and “biography” classes override it with their specific summaries.

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[Deleted User]
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[Deleted User]
Asked: July 22, 2024In:
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computer sciencecseinformation technologyitsoftware engineering
  1. Prince
    Prince Begginer

    When creating a network for a company with multiple branches in different countries, there are several basic steps to ensure maximum availability and secure communication Here is a simple way:  1. Branch Line Configuration: - Local Network: Establish a local network (LAN) with critical devices (compRead more

    When creating a network for a company with multiple branches in different countries, there are several basic steps to ensure maximum availability and secure communication Here is a simple way:

     1. Branch Line Configuration:

    – Local Network: Establish a local network (LAN) with critical devices (computers, printers, etc.) in each branch.

    – Routers and Switches: Use routers to connect each branch to the Internet and use switches to connect devices in the branch.

     2. Interface: .

    – VPN (Virtual Private Network): Set up a VPN to provide secure, encrypted connections to the Internet between branches. This ensures that data can safely move between locations.

    – Dedicated Lines: Consider using dedicated lines (such as leased lines) for direct, high-speed connections to critical branches.

     3. Intermediate Data:

    – Data Storage: Have a central data center where important company data is stored and managed.

    – Cloud service: Use cloud services to store data and run applications, making it easier to access and backup.

     4. Redundancy and High Availability:

    – Backup Systems: Use a backup system for critical resources such as servers and routers.

    – Failover Mechanism: Use the failover mechanism to automatically switch to the backup system in case of a failure.

    – Load balancers: Use load balancers to evenly distribute network traffic, prevent overload and ensure optimal performance.

     5. Safety Precautions:

    – Firewalls: Install firewalls in each branch to protect against unauthorized access.

    – Encryption: Ensure that all data passing between containers is encrypted.

    – Access Controls: Implement strict access controls to ensure that only authorized personnel can access the network.

    6. Inspection and Maintenance:

    Network Monitoring Tools: Use tools to continuously monitor network performance and spot problems early.

    Regular updates: Keep all systems and software up to date with the latest security patches and updates.

    summary:

    Local network: Set up a LAN at each branch.

    Secure communication: Use a VPN or dedicated cable for secure communication between branches.

    Central data management: Use a centralized data center and/or cloud services.

    Redundancy: Implement backup policies and failover strategies.

    Security: Implement firewalls, encryption, and access controls.

    Monitoring: Continuously monitor and maintain the network.

    This approach ensures that the company’s network is reliable, secure and capable of handling connections between multiple branches in different countries.

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Suchita Srivastava
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Suchita SrivastavaBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
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questionsdlc modelssoftware engineering
  1. Varshitha P
    Varshitha P Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Waterfall Methodology: Sequential Process: Waterfall is a linear and sequential approach. Each phase must be completed before the next one begins. Stages: Typical stages include Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, and Maintenance. Example: Building a house. You complete the foundation befRead more

    Waterfall Methodology:

    • Sequential Process: Waterfall is a linear and sequential approach. Each phase must be completed before the next one begins.
    • Stages: Typical stages include Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, and Maintenance.
    • Example: Building a house. You complete the foundation before starting the walls, then the roof, and so on. You can’t go back to change the foundation once the walls are up.

    Agile Methodology:

    • Iterative Process: Agile is iterative and flexible. Work is divided into small chunks called sprints, usually lasting 2-4 weeks.
    • Continuous Feedback: Regular feedback and adjustments are made throughout the project.
    • Example: Developing a mobile app. You create a basic version with core features, get feedback, and then add more features and improvements in subsequent sprints. You can make changes at any point based on feedback.

    Here are the differences between Agile and Waterfall methodologies in simple terms:

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Animesh Maity
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Animesh MaityBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In:
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software engineering
  1. Anushka Choudhary
    Anushka Choudhary Begginer

    Technical Debt: A Software Development Metaphor Technical debt is a metaphor used to describe the consequences of choosing an easier, faster, or cheaper solution to a software problem, rather than using the best possible solution. It's like taking a shortcut to finish a project quickly, but knowingRead more

    Technical Debt: A Software Development Metaphor

    Technical debt is a metaphor used to describe the consequences of choosing an easier, faster, or cheaper solution to a software problem, rather than using the best possible solution. It’s like taking a shortcut to finish a project quickly, but knowing that you’ll have to spend more time and effort fixing the consequences later.

    Key characteristics of technical debt:

    • Intentional or unintentional: Sometimes it’s a conscious decision to prioritize speed over quality, while other times it’s an oversight.
    • Accumulates over time: Like financial debt, technical debt grows as more shortcuts are taken.
    • Impacts future development: The more technical debt, the harder it becomes to make changes or add new features.
    • Can lead to increased costs: Fixing technical debt later is often more expensive than doing it right the first time.

    Examples of technical debt:

    • Skipping writing unit tests to meet a deadline.
    • Using a quick-and-dirty solution instead of a well-designed architecture.
    • Not refactoring code as it becomes more complex.

    While technical debt is often seen as negative, it’s not always avoidable. Sometimes, taking on technical debt is a strategic decision to get a product to market quickly. However, it’s essential to have a plan to pay it back by refactoring and improving the codebase over time.

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Shreeyash Patil
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Shreeyash PatilBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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codingcomputers and technologycomputers upscdns system in computerssoftware engineeringupsc
  1. Rahul
    Rahul Begginer

    DNS, or Domain Name System, plays a crucial role in making the internet easy to use. Here's how: Imagine DNS as a giant phone book for the internet. When you type a website name (like www.example.com) into your browser, DNS translates that human-readable name into the numerical IP address that compuRead more

    DNS, or Domain Name System, plays a crucial role in making the internet easy to use. Here’s how:

    Imagine DNS as a giant phone book for the internet. When you type a website name (like http://www.example.com) into your browser, DNS translates that human-readable name into the numerical IP address that computers use to identify each other (like 192.0.2.1).

    Without DNS, you’d have to remember complex number sequences for every website you want to visit. DNS does this translation quickly and automatically, allowing you to use simple names instead.

    DNS also helps distribute internet traffic by allowing multiple IP addresses for popular websites. This lets users connect to servers that are closer or less busy, improving speed and reliability.

    In essence, DNS acts as a bridge between how humans prefer to navigate the internet and how computers actually communicate, making the whole system work smoothly for users.

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