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Most common virus of hepatitis b and c
Hepatitis B and C Risk Factors Bloodborne -Sharing needles or syringes to inject drugs or for tattoos. -Receiving blood without screening (Though rare these days, thanks to the improvements of screening) -Dirty medical equipment while receiving a treatment Very rare as seen in other regions. Mother-Read more
Hepatitis B and C Risk Factors
Bloodborne
-Sharing needles or syringes to inject drugs or for tattoos.
-Receiving blood without screening (Though rare these days, thanks to the improvements of screening)
-Dirty medical equipment while receiving a treatment
Very rare as seen in other regions.
Mother-to-Child: The newborn can receive it from a pregnant mother during childbirth if the mother has hepatitis B.
Sexual Transmission:
Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
Having multiple sexual partners.
Occupational Exposure:
Healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses, and lab technicians, who handle blood or other bodily fluids.
Factors Contributing to Challenges in Reducing Transmission:
-Lack of awareness and education: Most individuals do not have information on hepatitis B and C risks and the modes of their transmission.
-Discrimination and Stigma: Most infections lead to stigma that might prevent individuals from going for tests and treatment.
Limited access to health care: Most individuals lack quality health care, including tests, vaccination, and treatment of hepatitis.
-Poverty and Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty and socioeconomic inequalities increase the risk factors of hepatitis B and C, including unsafe injection practices and limited access to health care.
-Inadequate Infrastructure: In some areas, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, including limited access to sterile equipment and trained healthcare workers, can contribute to the spread of these infections.
Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach, including:
-Public Health Campaigns: Public education on hepatitis B and C, their transmission, and prevention and treatment.
Vaccination Programs: Wider access to hepatitis B immunization, especially among infants and other high-risk groups.
Healthcare Access Increased: Improved access to quality health care, including diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B and C infection.
Socioeconomic Disparity Reduction: Poverty elimination and increasing education and access to and use of health care by deprived populations.
-Harm reduction activities. Such activities may include needle exchange and syringe programmes for injecting drug users, thus reducing infections.
See less-Stigma reduction. Promote stigma reduction campaigns that call upon people to come for testing and treatment without the fear of stigmatization.
Analyse how social reform movements in the 20th century were different from those in the 19th century with respect to India's Freedom Struggle?
Social reform movements in the twentieth century were different in terms of which method, scope and what these were linked to, freedom struggle in India. 1. More general focus and widespread mobilization As opposed to 19th century movements like Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj and Prarthana Samaj which focRead more
Social reform movements in the twentieth century were different in terms of which method, scope and what these were linked to, freedom struggle in India.
1. More general focus and widespread mobilization
As opposed to 19th century movements like Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj and Prarthana Samaj which focused more on eradicating social evils like Sati to caste discrimination, women’s rights, 20th century movements were naturally connected to political awakening and mass mobilization. B.R..hasMore of Gandhi, consectegrator. Ambedkar and Periyar had also stressed on social and political freedom.
2. Inclusion of lower casts and females.
Protests in twentieth century included protests of Dalits, tribals and under privileged groups but upper caste elite members mostly headed the 19th century changes. This was the Dalit movement of Ambedkar, Periyar’s Self Respect Movement and Gandhi’s Harijan upliftment initiatives which all aimed at eradicating the evil of untouchability and denounce the neglected.
3. Connect to Nationalism
But the earlier reform organizations had been much more social, and had been closely connected with the fight for India’s independence as a 20th century organisation. Thus, the conversion into a popular movement of independence was effected by the combination of social reform with political agitation and women’s involvement in demonstrations and Gandhi’s Khadi campaign.
In essence,
See lessThis contrasts to those 19th century elite driven and reformist movements in which social reform and justice were a by-product of freedom to look the one more powerful, the 20th century social reform movements were politically driven and mass oriented that combined social justice with national freedom.
modern india
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution will decide the construction of a more progressive society. It can also be used in the process of finding common grounds in the "India vs. Bharat" debate. Guiding Principles The Preamble indicates the core values that must guide Indian society to be: -Justice:Read more
The Preamble to the Indian Constitution will decide the construction of a more progressive society. It can also be used in the process of finding common grounds in the “India vs. Bharat” debate.
Guiding Principles
The Preamble indicates the core values that must guide Indian society to be:
-Justice: Social, economic, and political justice are the basis. Thus, every man should get equal opportunities and access to resource utilization without discriminant birth, race, or religion-based.
-Liberty: The Preamble guarantees liberties of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship. This bestows a society that is free to express itself and pursue aspirations based on no fear of persecution.
-Equality: The Preamble emphasizes equality of status and opportunity for all citizens, regardless of caste, creed, religion, or gender. This principle is crucial for building an inclusive and equitable society.
-Fraternity: The Preamble promotes fraternity among all citizens, which requires a sense of unity and brotherhood. This fosters a sense of shared identity and collective responsibility.
The “India vs. Bharat” Debate:
-Reconciliation: The Preamble accepts that both “India” and “Bharat” are proper names for the country. That acceptance can act as a healing balm to bridge the gulf between the two camps of those who have a preference for one name over the other.
Focus on Shared Values: Concentrating on shared values enshrined in the Preamble, such as justice, liberty, and equality, can make the debate not only semantic but also a debate on the kind of society we wish to build.
Guiding Legislation and Policy: The Preamble shall guide all legislation and policies made by the government, ensuring the same are accordance with the ‘great principles’ of the Constitution, among which is the establishment of a just and fair society.
Essentially, the Preamble has a common vision for India. It’s the shared view which transcends language and cultural barriers. When the core values that are embodied in the Preamble are the core of focus, then there’s no question of “India vs. Bharat” anymore and we’ll get to a true inclusive, progressive nation.
See lessHow does the concept of soft power influence India's foreign policy in the 21st century?
Soft power refers to the increasing role that attracts rather than forces others to get what it wants; this is highly relevant to Indian foreign policy during the 21st century, as illustrated here: -Cultural Diplomacy: India deploys its cultural offerings, including yoga, Ayurveda, Bollywood films,Read more
Soft power refers to the increasing role that attracts rather than forces others to get what it wants; this is highly relevant to Indian foreign policy during the 21st century, as illustrated here:
-Cultural Diplomacy: India deploys its cultural offerings, including yoga, Ayurveda, Bollywood films, and Indian classical music to create goodwill in other countries and to increase appreciation for them. For instance, International Yoga Day has reached the globe as a massive scale of India’s soft power.
-Economic Power: The growing economic power of India, based on its strong IT sector and growing international trade, is an added factor in its soft power. Aid programs, development assistance, and investments in developing countries add to the positive perception of India.
-Democratic Values: As the world’s largest democracy, India can promote democratic values and principles across the globe, especially in regions undergoing political transitions.
-Diaspora Engagement: The Indian diaspora in different countries around the world functions like an almighty network, augmenting Indian culture, values, and interests in respective countries.
Indian contribution to solving problems of global significance, such as climate change, poverty, and pandemics, brings a new meaning to being a responsible global citizen and thus helps in strengthening India’s soft power.
Examples of India’s Soft Power in Practice:
-Yoga Diplomacy: The International Day of Yoga became a global phenomenon in many ways, garnering millions of participants across the world and spreading Indian culture and values.
-Development Assistance: India’s various development assistance programs, such as the ITEC program, have benefited many developing nations for the mutual good of goodwill and cooperation.
-Cultural Festivals: The Indian government supports and hosts cultural festivals and activities worldwide, where it promotes the vastness of Indian arts, music, and dance before the rest of the world.
Soft power is a long game, however. It would be to negate all negative stories about India; solve all the internal problems such as poverty and inequality; and convey India’s values and aspirations to the rest of the world.
See lessTribal Movement
Primary Causes for Major Tribal Movements of 19th and 20th Centuries The colonization policies exploited and marginalized the tribal communities, and the attack on the external forces led to major tribal movements during the 19th and 20th centuries. The key causes include the following. 1. EconomicRead more
Primary Causes for Major Tribal Movements of 19th and 20th Centuries
The colonization policies exploited and marginalized the tribal communities, and the attack on the external forces led to major tribal movements during the 19th and 20th centuries. The key causes include the following.
1. Economic exploitation and land alienation
– British Land Policies: Tribal lands were expropriated for revenue settlements, reserved forests, and plantations that deprived tribals of their basic resource base.
– Non-tribal Invasion: Outsiders-money lenders, landlords, traders-entered tribal areas. They exploited the tribal communities economically and occupied tribal land.
– Commercial Agriculture: The British promoted monoculture of commercial crops that had replaced subsistence agriculture and subsequently led to hunger.
2. Displacement and Loss of Autonomy:
Forest Laws: The British forest policies disallowed tribal groups from hunting, grazing, or gathering in forests.
– Forced Labor: Tribals were coerced into working for the colonial authorities or private companies under exploitative conditions (e.g., plantations, railways, and mines).
– Infrastructure Projects: Development projects like dams and railways led to mass displacement of tribal communities without adequate rehabilitation.
3. Social and Cultural Alienation:
– Violation of Traditions: The imposition of foreign legal systems and proselytization could win the battle against their traditional system of administration and other traditions.
– Missionary Pressure: Tribal people suffered social hostility and loss of identity because of the conversion by Christian missionaries.
4. Taxation Excess
– The British also taxed forest products and farm lands with heavy rates which further increased their poverty.
5. Anti-Exploitative Agents Revolt:
– Moneylenders and Traders: The tribal masses are forced to fall into the debt traps by the exploitative money lenders. Such mechanisms had its opponents in Birsa Munda, leaders.
– The Corruption of Local Officials: Often Government officials and local landlords abused their powers that accelerated the
further jeopardizing tribal resistances further.
Important Tribal Movements :
Santhal Rebellion (1855-56): A rebellion against exploitation by moneylenders and landlords and encroachment of tribal land
Munda Rebellion (1899-1900): Led by Birsa Munda, a rebellion against forced labor, alienation of tribal land, and British policies.
– Bhil Revolts: Against the western region of India on issues of revenue collection and the deprivation of forest rights.
– Tebhaga Movement (1946): Peasant struggle in Bengal that included tribal farmers for better crop shares.
Conclusion
See lessTribal movements were mainly motivated by economic exploitation, land alienation, cultural marginalization, and oppressive policies. These uprisings reflected tribal resistance to colonial dominance and the erosion of their traditional way of life.
Social issue
By means of initiatives aimed on major issues, community leaders in the government, industry, and education sector can collaborate to reduce societal disparities and move in the direction of inclusion. Together, these community elders might have considerable effects on the development of social equaRead more
By means of initiatives aimed on major issues, community leaders in the government, industry, and education sector can collaborate to reduce societal disparities and move in the direction of inclusion. Together, these community elders might have considerable effects on the development of social equality and equilibrium.
Proper Education:-
Educational leaders may collaborate with government organizations and companies to guarantee underprivileged populations have the same access to excellent education. In India, for example, the Akshaya Patra Foundation works together with the government and private businesses to give mid-day meals to poor youngsters, therefore promoting school attendance and inclusiveness.
Fostering financial fairness.
Government and corporate leaders could cooperate on programs for universal employment. Tata Group, to give but one example, has an affirmative action policy in India giving incentives from government and educational institutions for training and hiring people from underprivileged communities.
Social Interaction
Political leadership working together with teachers and corporate executives can start community dialogue forums. Around the world, initiatives like Interfaith Harmony Weeks offer an opportunity for different groups to share points of view and dispel stereotypes.
programs on health and welfare
See lessVaccination drives and food distribution projects brought together community leaders across industries during the COVID-19 epidemic, therefore showing how cooperative approach can solve social issues inclusively.
BANGLADESH UNREST
Primary factor for government failure in Bangladesh Political Instability: Deep corruption and mostly between the Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) have drastically distinguished Bangladesh. This has caused regular strikes, demonstrations, and problems in creating a cohereRead more
Primary factor for government failure in Bangladesh
Political Instability: Deep corruption and mostly between the Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) have drastically distinguished Bangladesh. This has caused regular strikes, demonstrations, and problems in creating a coherent governance structure.
Authoritarianism: The Sheikh Hasina administration has been slammed for eroding democratic institutions, stifling dissent, and centralizing power. Further undermining the government are charges of vote-rigging and suppression of opposition.
Economic problems: Despite first growth, Bangladesh currently faces inflation, a rising trade deficit, and a falling foreign exchange reserves that are putting financial stress on the nation. These have led the common people to consider the laws unfavorably.
Great corruption in government, administration, and public services shakes the people’s faith and leads to policy stagnation.
Driving people apart are human rights abuses such suppression of free speech, media censorship, and excessive police use against political dissent.
6. Social and Environmental Issues: Increasing inequality, unemployment, and climate change challenges such as recurrent floods and displacement have added to the failure of the government in redressing public grievances.
Impact on India Foreign Policy
1. Border Security: Especially from Assam and West Bengal, political and economic instability in Bangladesh could lead to more cross border migration into IndiaThis could only be prevented if India improved its border control system in preventing illegal immigrants and smuggled goods from Bangladesh.
Strain on Bilateral Relations: Sheikh Hasina government has always been India’s closest ally for decades. The growing unrest and anti-India sentiments in various parts of Bangladesh might be putting a strain on this relationship.
3. Radical Forces: Political instability would open up Bangladesh to radical forces that can threaten regional security. In such a scenario, India and Bangladesh would have to work together even more closely on counterterrorism initiatives.
4. Teesta Water-sharing Agreement and other regional connectivity: Instability may continue to jeopardize the implementation of the water-sharing agreement on Teesta or regional connectivity plans that adversely affect Indian economic and strategic interests in the region.
At this moment, with Bangladesh in chaos inside China will most probably start to exert more power by offering its financial or political support. India should balance these by means of economics and diplomatic engagement.
Bangladesh instability could be contagious for the whole South Asia area, therefore affecting organizations throughout the region such as SAARC. India might have to reconsider its approach to neighborhood stability.
See lessPortuguese and Indian influence of European power.
The Portuguese governed India for 463 years after the discovery by Vasco da Gama in 1498 till the colonial officials liberate Goa from the rule of Portugal in 1961. Their rule influenced the realm of politics in addition to the cultural fields and economy and social systems of India. Political ContrRead more
The Portuguese governed India for 463 years after the discovery by Vasco da Gama in 1498 till the colonial officials liberate Goa from the rule of Portugal in 1961. Their rule influenced the realm of politics in addition to the cultural fields and economy and social systems of India.
Political Contributions
1. Sea Supremacy: The Portuguese came to be in charge of Indian ports when they established their first maritime European empire as part of their control of Goa, Daman and Diu.
2. Incorporation of Fortification: The Portuguese erected defensive forts like Fort Aguada in Goa to influence the development of coastal defense technique in India.
Cultural and Religious Contributions
1. Christianity: The Portuguese, through their Christian missionary missions, built several churches; one of which is the Basilica of Bom Jesus, found in Goa.
2. Art and Architecture: During their administration, they synthesized Indian and Portuguese artistic styles which culminated into some remarkable visual effects both in religious as well as in residential constructions.
Economic Contributions
1. Spices and Trade: Through their monopoly of trade the Portuguese had a monopoly over spices and. File Input Stream the introduction of critical crops in India, cashew and tobacco and pineapple.
2. Minting Coins: Under the Portuguese they issued an escudo among other currency to have gold coins that facilitated trade.
Social Contributions
1. Printing Press: The first Indian printing press was brought by the Portuguese in 1556 that enabled greater dissemination of literature along with religious texts.
2. Cuisine: Indian cuisine gained vinegar and vindaloo and bread-making techniques after the Portuguese occupation of Indian soil.
Though exploitation was the hallmark of their regime, these cultural and economic developments will forever mold India’s cultural structure and economic base.
See lessInternational Relation
The Indian diplomatic approach toward the Russia-Ukraine conflict focuses on being neutral while acting as a mediator that promotes dialogue and peaceful conflict resolution approaches. -Balancing Act: As India seeks to maintain stability within its diplomacy it balances its historic Russian relatioRead more
The Indian diplomatic approach toward the Russia-Ukraine conflict focuses on being neutral while acting as a mediator that promotes dialogue and peaceful conflict resolution approaches.
-Balancing Act: As India seeks to maintain stability within its diplomacy it balances its historic Russian relations with neighboring Western alliances.
-Historical Ties: For the past few decades India maintained deep military and political alliances with Russia while Russia functioned as a leading provider of national defense materials to the Indian government.
-Evolving Geopolitical Landscape: As India deepens its diplomatic relations with the West they continue active dialogue on both security strategies and economic collaboration with the United States.
-Humanitarian Aid: India delivers support for Ukrainian civilians while continuing to support peaceful conflict resolution in the country.
-Abstentions at UN: India continues to abstain from United Nations votes that condemn Russia’s operations in Ukraine because the country wants to stay neutral in international disputes.
-Focus on Dialogue: India pushes for diplomatic resolution of the Ukraine conflict while sharing its willingness to mediate but future mediation prospects appear uncertain.
Key Challenges:
-Maintaining Neutrality: Keeping Russia relations balanced while preserving Western ties about Ukraine faces India with their major problem.
-Influence: The deeply set positions taken by principal actors make it unlikely that India can significantly shape the situation.
-Local Issues: India faces energy security concerns together with fluctuations in its worldwide economic Projection resulting from both issues being specific to the region.
India moves through the intricate geopolitical dynamics as it attempts to build a constructive role toward Russia’s conflict with Ukraine. India acts with strategic independence to solve conflicts nonviolently while retaining awareness about how problematic and challenging the Ukraine-Russia crisis remains.
See lessIs there no support from Government providing jobs or CSE projects
Numerous Government Opportunities: 1. PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings): PSUs such as DRDO, BEL, ONGC alongside ISRO and others make ongoing recruitment of computer science graduates a priority. 2. Government Departments:The Indian Railways together with NIC (National Informatics Centre) and defenseRead more
Numerous Government Opportunities:
1. PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings): PSUs such as DRDO, BEL, ONGC alongside ISRO and others make ongoing recruitment of computer science graduates a priority.
2. Government Departments:The Indian Railways together with NIC (National Informatics Centre) and defense organizations require computer science experts for their operations.
3. Teaching: The teaching field of computer science has potential possibilities across government institutions along with universities.
Government Projects:
1. Digital India Initiative: The Digital India Initiative includes multiple initiatives which cover IT infrastructure along with data analytics and cybersecurity thus opening various career paths for computer science professionals.
2. Smart Cities Mission: Through its technology-based urban initiative the program accepts computer science graduates into employment opportunities for managing traffic systems and developing smart grid and surveillance systems.
3. E-governance initiatives: The government supports digital service delivery across public institutions and needs computer science experts to implement these digital transformation programs and boost citizen interactions.
Causes that might lead to such perception:
1. Competition: The growing number of computer science graduates throughout India has intensified sectoral competition between both government organizations and private-sector industries.
2. Privatization: The Indian private sector continues to grow alongside its booming IT sector which attracts massive numbers of computer science graduates.
3. Less awareness: Government jobs often remain hidden from student knowledge.
To get government jobs:
-Government job portals: The employment news pages posted on government websites combined with job portals run by the government provide opportunities to access available positions.
Prepare for competitive exams: Studying for the GATE examination together with UPSC tests along with provincial civil service competitions enhances your potential to win government positions.
Develop relevant skills: Candidates should apply their efforts toward acquiring competencies in fields including data science alongside cybersecurity and artificial intelligence because these skills demand high priority within government departments.
See less