Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss.
Article 356 also known as President's Rule allows the President to assume control of a state's government in case of constitutional breakdown. Significant for maintaining national integrity and stability, it ensures center state harmony while safeguarding federal principles.The reduced frequency ofRead more
Article 356 also known as President’s Rule allows the President to assume control of a state’s government in case of constitutional breakdown. Significant for maintaining national integrity and stability, it ensures center state harmony while safeguarding federal principles.The reduced frequency of using Article 356 (President’s Rule) by Union Governments since the mid 1990s can be attributed to the following legal and political factors.
Legal factors –
- The Bommai Judgment (1994) limited Article 356’s misuse by requiring proof of constitutional breakdown and judicial review of President’s Rule.
- Federalism limits central intervention, emphasizing state autonomy and requiring consensus, thereby reducing arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356).
- Judicial review empowers courts to scrutinize President’s Rule (Article 356) decisions, ensuring constitutional validity and preventing center state abuse.
Political factors –
- Coalition politics necessitates consensus building and compromise, discouraging unilateral imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356) by the central government.
- Federal Front Politics refers to regional parties collective influence, constraining the central government’s ability to impose President’s Rule (Article 356).
- Political accountability, a key factor in reducing Article 356’s use, ensures governments are responsible for their actions, facing scrutiny and consequences.
- State level politics, fueled by strong regional leaders and parties, resist central intervention, reducing arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule (Article 356) .
- Changes in political culture, such as increased consensus building and dialogue have reduced arbitrary use of Article 356 .
India is a mineral-rich country and a part of ancient Gondwanaland, with an abundance of resources hidden beneath it's soil, still struggles to make significant contributions to its GDP through its mining industry, despite the vast potential. Mining Industry of India India's mining industry, a vitalRead more
India is a mineral-rich country and a part of ancient Gondwanaland, with an abundance of resources hidden beneath it’s soil, still struggles to make significant contributions to its GDP through its mining industry, despite the vast potential.
Mining Industry of India
India’s mining industry, a vital sector, extracts minerals and ores contributing significantly to GDP. GDP contribution of the mining industry varies from 1.80℅ to 1.90℅ (at current price), it is approximately 10℅ of all industrial contribution to GDP. But it is a very least contribution, despite having a large availability of geological reserves. for Instance – according to data ( ministry of coal,2024) we have 352.13 billion mt coal reserves and we have extracted its 0.28℅ only till now.
Reasons behind least contribution –
- limited Exploration and Extraction – mineral resources remain under-explored and under-extracted, hindering industry growth. for example – India has significant iron ore resources, but extraction rates (1.13℅ of total reserves) are low due to lack of exploration.
- Environmental Issues – mining’s adverse environmental impact makes the society and government cautious. It is a resistance for growing industry. for example – Vedanta copper smelting plant in Tamil Nadu highlights the Environment concerns.
- Dependence on Imported Minerals – India lacks certain minerals, relying on imports. for instance – India imports most of it’s Gold and Silver from UAE , despite having significant reserves.
- Lack of Technological advancement – the industry’s efficiency and productivity suffer due to inadequate technological adoption. for instance – India still uses traditional methods for coal mining, whereas advanced countries use mechanized mining.
- Regulatory hurdles – Stringent laws and policies regulate the mining industry, stifling it’s development. For instance – Supreme Court of India suspended iron ore mining in Goa due to environment concerns and Legal hurdles.
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