Soil formation is a continuous and complex process that involves several factors working together over time. The key processes involved are:

1. Weathering of Parent Material:
Soil formation begins with the weathering of rocks (parent material) through physical, chemical, and biological processes. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces, while chemical weathering alters minerals, and biological weathering involves the action of organisms like plants and microorganisms.

2. Climate Influence:
Climate, particularly temperature and rainfall, plays a significant role in soil formation. High rainfall accelerates weathering and leaching, while temperature influences the rate of chemical reactions. In hot and wet climates, soils tend to be more weathered and leached.

3. Organisms:
Plants, animals, and microorganisms contribute organic matter that enriches the soil, influencing its texture, structure, and fertility. Decomposed organic material forms humus, which improves soil moisture retention and nutrient availability.

4. Topography:
The shape and slope of the land affect water drainage and erosion, influencing soil development. Steep slopes may lead to soil erosion, while flat areas accumulate soil.

5. Time:
Over long periods, soils evolve, and different horizons (layers) develop, contributing to the soil’s profile and fertility.

This process results in a variety of soil types with unique characteristics based on these influencing factors.