India introduced major changes to its criminal justice system in July 2023 with three new laws:

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) replaces the Indian Penal Code.
• The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure.
• The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) replaces the Indian Evidence Act.

Major Changes:

• Stricter Timelines: Trials must conclude within 45 days and charges framed within 60 days.
• Focus on Vulnerable Groups: Enhanced protections for women and children, including mandatory female officers recording rape victim statements and faster medical examinations.
• Technological Advancements: Online complaints, electronic summons, and digital evidence play a bigger role.

Controversies:

• Police Powers: Extending police custody from 15 days to 90 days raises concerns about potential abuse and violation of civil liberties.
• Sedition Law: Redefining sedition as treason has been criticized for stifling dissent.
• Uncertainties: Concerns exist about the clarity of some provisions and the capacity of the legal system to handle the digital shift.

These new laws aim for a swifter and more victim-centric justice system, but their effectiveness and potential for misuse remain debated.