Indeed, the foundational theories of early sociologists like Marx, Durkheim and Weber remain relevant in modern times with applications in Indian society.

Karl Marx – 

1. Marx’s class struggle – rich vs. poor where workers (proletariat) fight against exploitation by the wealthy (bourgeoisie) seen in modern wage gaps, outsourcing and gig economies.
2. Marx’s alienation – feeling disconnected from work, self and society due to exploitation seen in modern gig workers, automation and repetitive jobs lacking meaning.
3. Marx’s commodification of labor – treating workers as products to buy and sell seen in modern temporary jobs, zero hour contracts and gig economies.

Emile Durkheim –

1. Durkheim’s social solidarity – shared values, norms and rituals unite society seen in modern India’s communal celebrations (e.g. Diwali, Holi) promoting collective identity.
2. Durkheim’s division of labor – specialized roles increase efficiency but can lead to isolation. Modern examples of assembly line workers, IT professionals and medical specialists illustrating interdependence.
3. Durkheim’s anomie – social disorder and normlessness due to rapid change seen in modern examples of urbanization, social media chaos and economic instability leading to feelings of disorientation.

Max Weber –

1. Weber’s bureaucratic rationalization – efficient, rule based organizations prioritize logic over human values. Modern examples of Amazon’s automated warehouses, government red tape and corporate hierarchies.
2. Weber’s Protestant ethic – hard work, thrift and discipline as moral virtues, still evident in modern capitalist societies e.g. Silicon Valley’s work culture.
3. Weber’s traditional authority – power derived from custom, heritage and social status. Modern examples of monarchies (British Royal Family), tribal leaders and family owned businesses (e.g. Walmart’s Walton family).