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Home/judiciary

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Anmol Garg
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Anmol GargBegginer
Asked: July 14, 2024In:
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accusedadmissibilitybnsbnssconfessioncrpcfirindian judiciaryjudiciaryquestion
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Yes, an FIR can be filed by the accused but the admissibility of such an FIR in court as a confession is a tangled issue, completely depending on the set of circumstances of the case. Admissibility as a Confession: Generally, an FIR filed by an accused is not admissible in the court as a confession.Read more

    Yes, an FIR can be filed by the accused but the admissibility of such an FIR in court as a confession is a tangled issue, completely depending on the set of circumstances of the case.

    Admissibility as a Confession:

    Generally, an FIR filed by an accused is not admissible in the court as a confession. This is due to the following reasons:

    1. Voluntariness: A confession should be voluntary and shall be made free from duress or any sort of inducement to be taking as admissible. An FIR filed by an accused does not fall under this category especially at times of coercion or pressure.
    2. Warning: Any confession that may have taken place that was recorded would have a proper warning administered before taking such confession due to the ill effects of false confession. An FIR filed by an accused may not have undergone this stage.
    3. Self-Incrimination: Thus, the right of every incriminated person not to be self-incriminated is restricted by the filing of an FIR. However, it should be ensured that voluntary statements are not induced or coerced to hold up before this court.

    Meaning, an FIR can be filed, but predominantly it will be without evidentiary value. The court would have to look at what circumstances were there under which the FIR was filed, the voluntary nature of the statements, and whether or not procedural safeguards were followed.

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Shivani Singh
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Shivani SinghBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In: , , , ,
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The presumption of innocence is a fundamental right in Indian criminal law. How are the preventive detention laws justified under the same as an exception? Are similar laws like UAPA and PMLA the exception or the new norm? Justify your ...

constitutionfundamental rightjudiciarypreventive detention
  1. Rishika Vishwakarma
    Rishika Vishwakarma Begginer

    The presumption of innocence is a fundamental right in Indian criminal law, enshrined in Article 20(3) of the Constitution. However, as an exception, preventive detention laws like the National Security Act (NSA) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) allow for detention without trial,Read more

    The presumption of innocence is a fundamental right in Indian criminal law, enshrined in Article 20(3) of the Constitution. However, as an exception, preventive detention laws like the National Security Act (NSA) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) allow for detention without trial, effectively reversing the burden of proof.

    These laws are justified on the grounds of national security and public order, as they aim to prevent individuals from engaging in activities that may threaten the state. The Supreme Court has upheld the constitutionality of preventive detention laws, provided they adhere to the procedural safeguards laid down in Article 22 of the Constitution.Laws like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) have also been criticized for shifting the burden of proof onto the accused. While the government argues that these laws are necessary to combat serious crimes, civil liberties advocates contend that they undermine the presumption of innocence and due process.

    The increasing use of such laws raises concerns about the erosion of fundamental rights and the creation of a new norm where the exception becomes the rule. It is crucial to strike a balance between national security and individual rights, ensuring that preventive detention laws are used judiciously and in accordance with constitutional principles.

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RISHABH K
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RISHABH KBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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Just need a short answer on how is new added BNSS affecting your everyday citizen.

judiciary
  1. Anmol Garg
    Anmol Garg Begginer

    The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), is a landmark legislation aimed at improving the criminal justice system in India. It introduces significant reforms to enhance citizen rights under Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023, making the legal processes more transparent, accessible aRead more

    The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), is a landmark legislation aimed at improving the criminal justice system in India. It introduces significant reforms to enhance citizen rights under Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023, making the legal processes more transparent, accessible and efficient.

    One of the key highlights of BNSS 2023 is the incorporation of modern technological advancements to facilitate easier access to justice. Provisions like e-FIRs in India and Zero FIR benefits are designed to eliminate the obstacles that have traditionally made filing complaints difficult. These measures are complemented by enhanced legal rights in BNSS 2023 that mandate the timely provision of FIR copies and regular notifications about case progress, thereby fostering greater transparency.

    However, BNSS has also increased the detention period from 15days to 90 days based on the offence. This could lead to abuse and torture of the detainee by the police.

    The BNSS aims to provide more transparency and faster remedial measures for both the accused and the victim. However, the prolonged effect on the citizens will be seen in 1-2 years following the enforcement of BNSS.

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Anmol Garg
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Anmol GargBegginer
Asked: July 14, 2024In:
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governmentindiaindian democracyjudiciary
  1. [Deleted User]
    [Deleted User]

    The judiciary plays important role in Indian democracy and acts as the guardian of the Constitution. It is also entrusted with the responsibility of upholding the rule of law. It protects our fundamental rights and enables citizens to have recourse against the other branches of Government – the execRead more

    The judiciary plays important role in Indian democracy and acts as the guardian of the Constitution. It is also entrusted with the responsibility of upholding the rule of law. It protects our fundamental rights and enables citizens to have recourse against the other branches of Government – the executive and legislative – through judicial review. Without this balance, one organ would reign supreme.

    Independence is essential for a judiciary to function effectively. Judges are appointed through a transparent process and cannot be easily swayed by political expediencies. Our apex court has given many landmark decisions including in Kesavanand Bharati’s case that reiterated that some parts of the Constitution are beyond Parliament’s jurisdiction to amend.

    Moreover access to justice has been widened through Public Interest Litigation. Under PIL even an ordinary citizen can approach the court on matters of public question and seek justice. This has brought in democratisation of legal process whereby voiceless people could also have access to courts, so too by the marginalised.

    However, there are serious challenges which have emerged recently and which could be seen as undermining efficiency of judiciary as these relates to very concerns about delays but they direly affect possibility of timely justice.

    Yet, there are some very serious challenges that have surfaced in recent past and which if looked at actually do reduce efficiency of judiciary when matters relating to the said delay itself but then these do drastically reduce even the probability of timely justice.

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Ritika Sharma.1
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Ritika Sharma.1Begginer
Asked: July 21, 2024In:

CPC

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A publishes a series of books under the title ― The Oxford and Cambridge Publications ― to induce the belief that the books are publications of the Oxford and Cambridge Universities or either of them. The two Universities join as ...

cpcjudiciarylawquestion
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Based on the concept of “order of joining the parties”, under Order I, Rule 1 of CPC under Civil Procedure Code, 1908 of India, whether two more people can appear and approach a single court in a single suit. Legal provisions: The 'Order I, Rule 1 CPC, mentions that: Any number of individuals can beRead more

    Based on the concept of “order of joining the parties”, under Order I, Rule 1 of CPC under Civil Procedure Code, 1908 of India, whether two more people can appear and approach a single court in a single suit.

    Legal provisions:

    The ‘Order I, Rule 1 CPC, mentions that: Any number of individuals can be brought together as claimants in a single action where —
    or (a) any right to relief arises out of the same act or transaction or series of acts or transactions; and
    It might do so (b)-(b) if such persons brought separate suits, any common question of law or fact would arise.

    Application to the Case
    1. Common Right to Relief:
    Both Universities have the same complaint against A because when A employed the title “The Oxford and Cambridge Publications” people are led to assume that the books are published by the said Universities. This confers on both plaintiffs a ‘common right to relief’ in preventing A from employing the misleading title.

    2. Same Act or Transaction:
    Even a single transaction involved in the act of publication of books under the misleading title is abusive of th goodwill and reputation of both the Universities.These are common issues which if the Universities had filed separate suits they would have been raised as follows: more people can join and move before a single court in a singular lawsuit.

    Legal provisions:

    The ‘Order I, Rule 1 CPC, mentions that: “All persons may be joined as plaintiffs in one suit where —
    (a) any right to relief arises out of the same act or transaction or series of acts or transactions; and
    (b) if such persons brought separate suits, any common question of law or fact would arise.”

    Application to the Case
    1. Common Right to Relief:
    The two Universities have a common grievance against A, because A’s use of the title “The Oxford and Cambridge Publications” gives rise to the belief that the books are published by either or both institutions. This gives both plaintiffs a ‘common right to relief’ in restraining A from using the misleading title.

    2. Same Act or Transaction:
    The act of publication of books under the misleading title itself is a ‘single transaction’ that infringes goodwill and reputation of both the Universities.

    3. Common Questions of Law and Fact: If separate suits were filed by the Universities, they would have common issues such as: Whether A’s use of the title is deceptive.
    – Whether it violates the rights of the Universities.
    The area affected by the calamity as well as the degree or intensity of the identified loss.

    Joining an action has the advantage of avoiding the parallel trials which are time consuming and therefore saver judicial resources.

    Conclusion
    Oxford and Cambridge Universities can join in filing the suit under the CPC because their rights to relief arise out of the same transaction and if separate actions were filed, there would be common question of law and fact. Pleading as plaintiffs is not a wrong approach to the procedures laid down in the present case.

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Khushi Rastogi
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Khushi RastogiBegginer
Asked: July 20, 2024In: , , , , , , , , ,
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How Dravidian pattern of education led to westernization in education in India?

educationiasjudiciarypolitical scienceupsc
  1. Vanshika Jakhar
    Vanshika Jakhar Begginer

    The Dravidian pattern of education also played a major role in the process of westernization of education in India especially during British rule. The Dravidian movement which was from South India was rationalism, self-respect and anti-caste movement which was in tune with a few of the Western educaRead more

    The Dravidian pattern of education also played a major role in the process of westernization of education in India especially during British rule. The Dravidian movement which was from South India was rationalism, self-respect and anti-caste movement which was in tune with a few of the Western education systems.

    Some of the leaders such as Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported education to change scientific attitudes and secularism. This movement paved the way for the change in the education system from being dominated by the Brahmins and opened the doors of education to the downtrodden. The focus on rationalism and scientific method was in harmony with the Western educational models, which resulted in the assimilation of these features into the Indian educational system.

    The change was also brought about by the Western missionaries and colonial administrators who introduced English education to the Indians which helped in the spread of Western scientific and rationalism. The Dravidian movement’s demand for educational changes supported these initiatives and created a secular and less prejudiced educational setting.

    This combination of Dravidian rationalism with the Western education system helped in increasing the acceptance of Westernized education in India. It led to the formation of institutions that encouraged free thinking, scientific temper, and rationalism which are the basic foundations of modern India’s educational system which is a combination of Indian and Western systems.

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Anupama K
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Anupama KBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
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What are the two landmark judgements in India in the last ten years? Briefly explain about NOTA judgement in the year of 2013

amendmentsindian constitutionjudgementsjudiciarynew amendmentparliament of india
  1. Vinni Bihari
    Vinni Bihari Begginer

    In the last ten years, two landmark judgments in India are: Aadhaar Judgment (2018): In the Puttaswamy judgment (2018), the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Right to Privacy is a fundamental right guaranteed under the Indian Constitution. The court also held that the Aadhaar scheme, a biometricRead more

    In the last ten years, two landmark judgments in India are:

    1. Aadhaar Judgment (2018): In the Puttaswamy judgment (2018), the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Right to Privacy is a fundamental right guaranteed under the Indian Constitution. The court also held that the Aadhaar scheme, a biometric identification program, is constitutional but only if it meets certain conditions, including the requirement of consent and the data must be used for the purpose it was collected.
    2. Sabarimala Verdict (2018): In the Indian Young Lawyers Association vs. State of Kerala judgment (2018), the Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on women’s entry into the Sabarimala Temple in Kerala, allowing women of all ages to worship at the temple. The court ruled that this restriction was unconstitutional and violative of Article 14 (equality) and Article 25 (freedom of conscience) of the Indian Constitution.

    Now, about the NOTA Judgment in 2013:

    NOTA Judgement (2013): In 2013, the Supreme Court of India ruled in the case of People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India that a voter has the right to exercise a “None of the Above” (NOTA) option in an election. This option allows voters to choose NOTA if they are dissatisfied with all the candidates contesting an election. The court held that this option is essential for democratic governance and would help to ensure that voters are not forced to vote for a candidate they do not want.

    The NOTA option was introduced by the Election Commission of India through an amendment to Rule 49(0) of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, in January 2013. The option is available to all electors, except those who are voting by postal ballot or proxy.

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Janvi
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JanviBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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judiciary
  1. Neerja
    Neerja Begginer

    The Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita has replaced the  Indian Penal Code. It is a comprehensive legislative initiative which aims at overhauling the colonial age criminal laws which were prevalent in India.  The primary objectives of BNSS are as follows: Modernization of laws:  As already mentioned, the crimiRead more

    The Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita has replaced the  Indian Penal Code. It is a comprehensive legislative initiative which aims at overhauling the colonial age criminal laws which were prevalent in India.  The primary objectives of BNSS are as follows:

    1. Modernization of laws:  As already mentioned, the criminal laws which were governing India were that of colonial ear. Since then the society at large has seen major changes in terms of its own advancement and the crimes committed. For example there has been an increase in crime against women because of which should attract stricter punishment. Further, a lot of changes has been seen in forensic science. Thus this needs to be incorporated too.  As a result, this is addressed by BNSS.
    2. Increased protection of human rights: Criminal laws aim to protect the right of human. A careful look into BNSS shows that stricter punishment for crime against women and children has been laid down. this protects and safeguards their human rights.
    3. Enhanced Accountability and greater transparency:  It is no hidden fact that cases in India take ages to be solves and reach a conclusion. As a result, BNSS addresses this issue through speedy trial. It also fosters greater transparency in investigations and Judaical proceedings.

    Addressing shortcomings of colonial era criminal laws

    1. Backdated Provisions: BNSS replaces the age old provisions of IPC which have now become redundant since they no longer align with the modern society.
    2. Delays: The colonial era laws have been critized because it caused delays in the justice process. Through the new reform, these process are expected to expedite the investigation, trail and sentencing phase.
    3. Protection to victim and witness: the rights pf victim and witness werent adequately addressed in erstwhile laws.
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Janvi
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JanviBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
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judiciary
  1. Praharshitha Ganta
    Praharshitha Ganta Begginer

    The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) is a legislative initiative aimed at overhauling India's criminal justice system, replacing the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC) that has been in place since 1860. The objectives of the BNSS focus on modernizing, indigenizing, and making the criminal laws moreRead more

    The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) is a legislative initiative aimed at overhauling India’s criminal justice system, replacing the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC) that has been in place since 1860. The objectives of the BNSS focus on modernizing, indigenizing, and making the criminal laws more efficient and just. Here are the key objectives and how they aim to address the shortcomings of the colonial-era criminal laws:

    Objectives of the BNSS

    1. Modernization of Laws:
      • Update Outdated Provisions: The BNSS aims to revise and update laws that are outdated and no longer relevant to contemporary society.
      • Incorporate Modern Crimes: It seeks to include provisions for crimes that have emerged in modern times, such as cybercrime and financial frauds, which were not envisaged by the colonial-era laws.
    2. Indigenization:
      • Reflect Indian Values: The BNSS aims to ensure that the criminal laws reflect the cultural, social, and moral values of Indian society, moving away from the colonial mindset that influenced the IPC.
      • Local Context: It seeks to address the unique social issues and crimes prevalent in India that were not adequately covered by the IPC.
    3. Efficiency and Simplification:
      • Streamlined Processes: The BNSS focuses on simplifying the legal language and procedures to make them more understandable and accessible to the common people.
      • Speedier Justice: By addressing procedural bottlenecks, the BNSS aims to expedite the legal process and reduce the backlog of cases in the judicial system.
    4. Victim-Centric Approach:
      • Rights of Victims: The BNSS emphasizes the rights and protection of victims, ensuring they receive justice and support throughout the legal process.
      • Restorative Justice: It promotes restorative justice practices, where possible, to rehabilitate offenders and restore harmony in the community.
    5. Human Rights and Fairness:
      • Protect Fundamental Rights: The BNSS aims to ensure that the laws are in line with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, promoting fairness and justice.
      • Abolish Draconian Laws: It seeks to remove or amend draconian laws and punishments that were introduced during the colonial era and are considered inhumane or disproportionate today.

    Addressing Shortcomings of Colonial-Era Criminal Laws

    1. Colonial Mindset:
      • The IPC was drafted with a colonial mindset that often prioritized the interests of the British rulers over those of the Indian populace. The BNSS aims to remove this bias and align the laws with independent India’s democratic and egalitarian principles.
    2. Relevance and Context:
      • Many provisions of the IPC are outdated and do not address contemporary crimes effectively. The BNSS aims to make the laws relevant to the present-day context, including modern criminal activities like cybercrime.
    3. Legal Clarity and Accessibility:
      • The IPC’s complex and archaic language can be difficult for the common person to understand. The BNSS seeks to simplify the language and procedures, making the laws more accessible and understandable.
    4. Protection of Individual Rights:
      • The IPC contains several provisions that are seen as violations of human rights. The BNSS aims to protect individual rights more robustly and ensure that the laws are just and humane.
    5. Efficiency in the Judicial Process:
      • The IPC’s procedural complexities often lead to delays in the justice system. The BNSS aims to streamline legal procedures, reduce delays, and ensure timely justice.
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