The Indian concept of secularism differs from the Western model in its approach to religion-state relations. In the West, particularly in France and the United States, secularism (laïcité) involves a strict separation between religion and state, where the state remains neutral, and religion is confined to the private sphere. This model emphasizes the non-interference of the state in religious matters and vice versa.

In contrast, Indian secularism allows for a more active role of the state in managing religious affairs to ensure equality and protect minority rights. The Indian state intervenes in religious practices to reform and remove discriminatory practices, exemplified by the abolition of untouchability and the regulation of religious institutions. This approach stems from India’s diverse and pluralistic society, aiming to promote harmony among different religious communities.

Debates in the West often focus on maintaining the separation between church and state, addressing issues like religious symbols in public spaces and funding for religious schools. In India, debates on secularism revolve around ensuring religious harmony, preventing communal violence, and accommodating religious diversity within the framework of a single nation. These debates include discussions on uniform civil codes, minority rights, and the extent of state intervention in religious matters. This distinct approach reflects India’s historical and cultural context, prioritizing coexistence and equality over strict separation.