The new criminal laws in India, encapsulated in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), introduce several significant changes:The new criminal laws in India, encapsulated in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), introduce several significant changes:

### Major Changes

1. **Simplification and Modernization**: The above new laws relate to the attempts to streamline the legal environment, deregulate it and make appropriate adjustments to the current legislation.

2. **Victim-Centered Approach**: Deeper commitment to the rights and assistance for victims as well as their compensation.

3. **Witness Protection**: Better protection laws for the witnesses so that the witnesses could be trusted and could provide their statements safely.

4. **Digitization and Efficiency**: Higher use of digital workflow and shorter time of case handling.

5. **Revised Penal Provisions**: New descriptions and severity of penalties on different offences as well as new classes of criminal activities.

6. **Abolition of Archaic Laws**: As the slavish imitations of the colonial structure are no longer appropriate for the modern societies, many sections of laws containing colonial relics are undergoing change on social grounds.

### Major Controversies

1. **Implementation Challenges**: Fears regarding the applicability of the new laws pres on the current existing structures and resource available in implementing centers.

2. **Potential for Misuse**: Concerns are raised over the abuse of provisions and it is again the national security and public order section that draws much criticism.

3. **Privacy Concerns**: The provisions concerning surveillance and data collection contribute to the privacy concerns and ideas of state intrusion.

4. **Ambiguity and Interpretation**: Some provisions are considered vague to the extent that different actions may be taken on them and therefore may be violated or enforced differently.

5. **Adequate Training**: Overcoming probable shortcoming in implementing the new laws and ensuring that members of the law enforcement agencies and judicial systems are properly equipped to implement the laws.

It is clear that the new criminal laws have tried to introduce a more efficient and fair justice system, but the problem is with the methods used in implementing them, misunderstanding in perverting them into the opposite of what they are intended to be, and offences against the right to privacy.