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How have recent amendments to the Indian Constitution altered the balance of power between the central and state governments, and what impact has this had on local governance in different regions of India
The changes which have been introduced in the Indian Constitution in the recent past have shifted the balance of federal landscape and administration further to the Centre. For example, the Centre abrogated Article 370 in August 2019 and bifurcated Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, whichRead more
The changes which have been introduced in the Indian Constitution in the recent past have shifted the balance of federal landscape and administration further to the Centre. For example, the Centre abrogated Article 370 in August 2019 and bifurcated Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, which made most of the state’s autonomy nugatory, reporting directly to New Delhi. This was a particularly clear sign of a more active and dominant policy on the part of the central government in relation to the states, especially in matters of a federal character. For instance, while the 101st amendment in 2017 has integrated GST, it has necessitated the centralisation of tax collections. While this aided in the process of tax simplification it restricted the autonomy of the states on fiscal policy and made them more dependent on central grants. These changes have impacted local governance by reducing the ability and capacity of the state government to tackle issues that are local or peculiar to any region. Battles over centralization of power occurred concerning the loss of control over the economy and the management of specific regions, and the consequences of this for variation and autonomy of states. In this regard the change has generated questions on the efficiency of regional governance structures and capacity of states to address population needs where there is no adequate decentralization.
See lessDescribe India's first war of independence .
India's First War of Independence, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a major, though ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against British rule in India. Here's an overview: Background British East India Company Rule: By the mid-19th century, the British East India CompRead more
India’s First War of Independence, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a major, though ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against British rule in India. Here’s an overview:
Background
British East India Company Rule: By the mid-19th century, the British East India Company had established substantial control over large parts of India, both through direct administration and indirect influence.
Social and Economic Grievances: Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British army, along with local rulers and common people, faced various grievances. These included high taxes, land annexations, and cultural and religious insensitivity from the British.
Immediate Causes
Enfield Rifle Cartridges: The immediate cause of the rebellion was the introduction of the Enfield rifle, whose cartridges were rumored to be greased with animal fat from cows and pigs, offending both Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
Religious and Cultural Sensitivities: The British policies and practices were seen as increasingly intrusive and disrespectful to local customs and religious practices.
The Rebellion
Commencement: The rebellion began in Meerut on May 10, 1857, when sepoys revolted against their British officers. It quickly spread to other regions, including Delhi, Kanpur, Jhansi, and Lucknow.
Key Figures:
Mangal Pandey: An early rebel whose actions at Barrackpore are often cited as the catalyst for the uprising.
Rani Lakshmibai: The queen of Jhansi, who played a prominent role in the resistance.
Bahadur Shah II: The last Mughal Emperor, who was declared the symbolic leader of the rebellion.
Nature of the Rebellion: It was a widespread but fragmented uprising involving different groups, including sepoys, landlords, and peasants. The rebellion had both military and civilian components and saw significant battles and sieges.
Suppression and Aftermath
British Response: The British response was harsh and brutal. The rebellion was eventually suppressed through superior military force and strategic measures.
Consequences:
End of the East India Company: The British government dissolved the East India Company and assumed direct control over India, marking the beginning of the British Raj.
Reforms and Changes: The rebellion led to significant changes in British policies, including reforms in administration and military practices.
Legacy: The rebellion is considered a crucial event in Indian history, symbolizing the first significant attempt to resist colonial rule. It laid the groundwork for future independence movements and has been commemorated as a symbol of resistance against oppression.
The First War of Independence was a pivotal moment in Indian history, reflecting the deep-seated discontent with British rule and setting the stage for the long struggle for independence that followed.
See lessWhat are the achievements of India in the last 10 years?
India has made significant progress across various sectors over the past decade. Here are some key achievements: Economic Growth and Development GDP Growth: India has seen robust economic growth, becoming the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (Read more
India has made significant progress across various sectors over the past decade. Here are some key achievements:
Economic Growth and Development
GDP Growth: India has seen robust economic growth, becoming the world’s fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Despite some economic fluctuations, the overall growth trajectory has been positive.
Digital India Initiative: Launched in 2015, this initiative aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. It has led to widespread adoption of digital services, improving access to government services, financial inclusion, and internet connectivity.
Startup Ecosystem: India has emerged as a global hub for startups, with significant growth in the number of unicorns (startups valued at over $1 billion). Government initiatives like Startup India have provided support through funding, mentoring, and regulatory simplification.
Infrastructure Development
Smart Cities Mission: This mission aims to promote sustainable and inclusive urban development. Over 100 cities have been selected for this initiative, with investments in infrastructure, technology, and governance to improve quality of life.
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): This program focuses on providing all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural areas. Significant progress has been made, enhancing rural accessibility and economic integration.
Highway Expansion: India has made substantial investments in expanding its national highways and expressways, improving connectivity and reducing travel time across the country.
Social and Welfare Programs
Ayushman Bharat: Launched in 2018, this health insurance scheme aims to provide free healthcare to over 100 million poor and vulnerable families. It is one of the largest government-funded healthcare programs globally.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Initiated in 2014, this nationwide campaign focuses on sanitation and cleanliness. The construction of millions of toilets and the promotion of hygiene have significantly reduced open defecation.
Jan Dhan Yojana: This financial inclusion program has brought millions of unbanked individuals into the formal banking system, promoting savings, access to credit, and financial literacy.
Technological and Scientific Advancements
Space Exploration: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved several milestones, including the successful launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), the Chandrayaan-2 mission to the Moon, and the deployment of numerous satellites.
Renewable Energy: India has made significant strides in renewable energy, particularly solar and wind power. The country is among the world’s leaders in installed renewable energy capacity.
5G and Telecommunications: Efforts to roll out 5G technology are underway, with significant investments in telecommunications infrastructure to support high-speed internet and advanced communication services.
Education and Skill Development
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: This comprehensive policy aims to overhaul the education system, focusing on holistic development, multidisciplinary learning, and increased access to quality education.
Skill India Mission: Launched in 2015, this initiative aims to train millions of youth in various skills to enhance employability and bridge the skills gap in the economy.
International Relations and Diplomacy
Global Influence: India has strengthened its position on the global stage, actively participating in international forums like the G20, BRICS, and the United Nations. It has also taken a leadership role in initiatives like the International Solar Alliance.
Strategic Partnerships: India has deepened its strategic partnerships with major powers, including the United States, Japan, and the European Union, while also enhancing relations with neighboring countries.
Environmental and Climate Action
Commitment to Paris Agreement: India has committed to significant climate action goals, including reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP and increasing the share of non-fossil fuel energy sources.
Afforestation and Clean Energy: Large-scale afforestation programs and the promotion of clean energy sources have been key components of India’s environmental strategy.
Cultural and Social Milestones
Promotion of Yoga and Ayurveda: India has successfully promoted Yoga and Ayurveda globally, leading to the celebration of International Yoga Day and increasing global recognition of traditional Indian wellness practices.
Women’s Empowerment: Various programs and policies have been implemented to improve the status of women, including increased representation in politics, enhanced safety measures, and initiatives to support female entrepreneurs.
Conclusion
See lessIndia’s achievements over the past decade span economic growth, infrastructure development, social welfare, technological advancements, education, international relations, environmental action, and cultural promotion. These accomplishments reflect the country’s dynamic progress and its efforts to address challenges while capitalizing on opportunities for development.
Diversity of India and its challenges
India's diversity is one of its greatest strengths, characterized by a rich tapestry of languages, religions, cultures, and ethnicities. However, this diversity also presents significant challenges, including linguistic barriers, caste discrimination, and socioeconomic disparities. Challenges LinguiRead more
India’s diversity is one of its greatest strengths, characterized by a rich tapestry of languages, religions, cultures, and ethnicities. However, this diversity also presents significant challenges, including linguistic barriers, caste discrimination, and socioeconomic disparities.
Challenges
Addressing the Challenges
The government has implemented various initiatives, such as the National Food Security Act and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, to promote equality and uplift marginalized communities. Civil society organizations also play a crucial role in advocacy, education, and community support, fostering awareness and promoting social justice. Together, these efforts aim to harness India’s diversity as a unifying force rather than a source of division.
See lessIs decolonisation ever possible?
On the other hand, one could argue that coming to terms with the colonial past and addressing its ongoing consequences is an essential prerequisite for true progress and development. Acknowledging the trauma and injustices of the colonial era, and grappling with their lasting impact, could be a neceRead more
On the other hand, one could argue that coming to terms with the colonial past and addressing its ongoing consequences is an essential prerequisite for true progress and development. Acknowledging the trauma and injustices of the colonial era, and grappling with their lasting impact, could be a necessary step in charting a new, self-determined path forward.
Rather than seeking a simplistic return to the pre-colonial era, the focus could be on leveraging the positives of the post-colonial experience while proactively addressing the negative legacies. This could involve:
Ultimately, there may not be a singular, universal answer. Different countries may approach this challenge based on their unique historical circumstances and priorities. The key is to find a balanced approach that acknowledges the past, while charting a future that empowers the formerly colonized to shape their own destiny and overcome the lingering consequences of colonialism.
See lessArguments say that India copied its Constitution from other countries rather than making its own. Answer this in 200 words with relevant points.
The comment that India imitated or borrowed its Constitution from other countries lacks the insight to identify the thoughtfulness and meticulousness that went into the drafting of that Constitution. The Indian Constitution does have selective salient features borrowed from other constitutions, butRead more
The comment that India imitated or borrowed its Constitution from other countries lacks the insight to identify the thoughtfulness and meticulousness that went into the drafting of that Constitution. The Indian Constitution does have selective salient features borrowed from other constitutions, but that was done with great pondering and contemplation, as these features could be further adapted easily into the Indian social and political milieu and domain.
1. Varied Sources of Inspiration: The Indian Constitution has been influenced by several sources including the British, American, Irish, Canadian, Australian, etc. For example, the concept of Fundamental Rights has obtained directly and indirectly from the U.S. Bill of Rights whereas the parliamentary system of government is a carbon copy of that of Britain.
2. Tailored to Indian Needs: Those borrowed features were not merely the copy words; rather, those were to be altered in the light of Indian needs. The makers of the Constitution under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar very cautiously deliberated and then made amendments in them to be relevant to India’s peculiar problems and aspirations.
3. Comprehensive and Original Framework: It is a broad document and contains the uniquity in the sense that, under the Constitution, provision for social justice, federalism, and the detailed Fundamental Duties list is relatively unique to India and nowhere else.
4. Innovative Provisions: It includes innovative provisions such as the Directive Principles of State Policy, which provide guidelines for the government to lay down the laws regarding the social and economic welfare of the people.
However, the Indian Constitution ventured only to draw from the earlier precedents. It was an original document, carved dethe only way possible to deal with the multiple and complicated needs of the country.
See lessHow can India find the best way to Identify talents in sports such as Olympics?
To identify and nurture talents in sports like the Olympics, India can adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach: Grassroots Development: Establish sports programs in schools and communities to identify young talent early. Incorporate regular sports activities and competitions as part of theRead more
To identify and nurture talents in sports like the Olympics, India can adopt a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach:
By implementing these strategies, India can systematically identify and nurture sports talent, increasing the chances of success in international competitions like the Olympics.
See lessWhat are the major physiographic divisions of India
India's diverse landscape is a testament to its rich geological history, presenting a fascinating array of physiographic divisions. At the northern border, the Himalayan Mountain Range rises majestically, with its snow-capped peaks and towering summits. This range, stretching from Jammu and KashmirRead more
India’s diverse landscape is a testament to its rich geological history, presenting a fascinating array of physiographic divisions. At the northern border, the Himalayan Mountain Range rises majestically, with its snow-capped peaks and towering summits. This range, stretching from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh, forms a natural barrier and influences the climate across the subcontinent.
Descending from these lofty heights, the Northern Plains spread out in a broad expanse. Fertile and alluvial, this region is nourished by the Ganges, Yamuna, and other rivers, making it the country’s agricultural heartland.
To the south, the Peninsular Plateau dominates with its rugged terrain, ancient rocks, and rich mineral resources. It is flanked by the Coastal Plains, which stretch along the western and eastern shores, offering stunning landscapes and thriving ecosystems. The Desert Region of the west, particularly the Thar Desert, adds a contrasting element with its arid conditions and unique beauty. Finally, India’s Islands—including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea—complete the country’s physiographic mosaic, each adding their own charm to India’s geographical diversity.
See lessIndia
India, officially known as the Republic of India, is a country located in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by land area and has a population of over 1.4 billion people, making it the second-most populous country in the world. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a pRead more
India, officially known as the Republic of India, is a country located in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by land area and has a population of over 1.4 billion people, making it the second-most populous country in the world. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system and is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories. The country has a diverse geography, which includes the Himalayan mountains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the Deccan Plateau. India is also home to a rich cultural heritage, including various languages, religions, and cuisines. It is a rapidly developing country with a growing economy and a prominent player in global affairs. India is also known for its vibrant culture, including music, dance, art, and literature, and is home to many UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
See lessWhat are the major cyber threats India is facing today?
India faces several major cyber threats today, including: 1. Ransomware Attacks : Cybercriminals encrypt data and demand ransom for decryption. These attacks target both businesses and individuals, causing significant financial losses and operational disruptions. 2. Phishing and Social Engineering :Read more
India faces several major cyber threats today, including:
1. Ransomware Attacks : Cybercriminals encrypt data and demand ransom for decryption. These attacks target both businesses and individuals, causing significant financial losses and operational disruptions.
2. Phishing and Social Engineering : Attackers use deceptive emails and messages to trick users into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords and financial details. This threat is widespread and can lead to identity theft and financial fraud.
3. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) : These are prolonged and targeted attacks often sponsored by nation-states or organized groups. APTs aim to steal sensitive data, disrupt services, or damage critical infrastructure.
4. Malware : Malicious software, including viruses, worms, and trojans, infiltrates systems to steal data, damage files, or gain unauthorized access to networks.
5. Insider Threats : Employees or contractors with access to sensitive information can intentionally or unintentionally cause data breaches or leaks.
6. Internet of Things (IoT) Vulnerabilities : The increasing use of IoT devices in India exposes networks to attacks due to weak security measures in these devices.
Addressing these threats requires robust cybersecurity measures, awareness, and cooperation between public and private sectors.
See less