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Differentiate between mendelian and non-mendelian disorders
Mandalien disorders : ●It is a genetics disorder ●Chromosomes does not changes ●Only single gene is involved ●Cause mutation in single gene ●Also called as monotonic disorder ●Either dominant or recessive EX: 1.Haemophilia 2.sickle cell anemia 3.phenylketonuria 4.color blindness 5.thalassemia 6.cystRead more
Mandalien disorders :
●It is a genetics disorder
●Chromosomes does not changes
●Only single gene is involved
●Cause mutation in single gene
●Also called as monotonic disorder
●Either dominant or recessive
EX:
1.Haemophilia
2.sickle cell anemia
3.phenylketonuria
4.color blindness
5.thalassemia
6.cystic fibrosis
Non-mendelian disorder :
●It is a genetic disorder
●Cause error in cell division following meiosis and mitosis
●Chromosomes changes
●More than one gene is involved
●called as chromosomal disorder Neither dominant or recessive
EX:
1.Allosomal disorder
a.Klinefelter’s syndrome
b.Turner’s syndrome
2.Autosomal disorder
a .Down syndrome
b.Edwards syndrome
c.Patau syndrome
d.Cri-du-chat syndrome
See lessExplain the process of replication in Eukaryotes in detail
The process of replication in eukaryotes involves the following steps: 1. Initiation: - The origin recognition complex (ORC) binds to the origin of replication. - The Mcm complex is recruited, and the double helix is unwound by helicases. 2. Unwinding: - The double helix is unwound byRead more
The process of replication in eukaryotes involves the following steps:
1. Initiation:
– The origin recognition complex (ORC) binds to the origin of replication.
– The Mcm complex is recruited, and the double helix is unwound by helicases.
2. Unwinding:
– The double helix is unwound by helicases, creating a replication fork.
– Topoisomerase relaxes the tension in the DNA.
3. Synthesis:
– DNA polymerase alpha (Pol α) begins synthesizing the leading strand.
– DNA polymerase delta (Pol δ) synthesizes the lagging strand in short, discontinuous segments (Okazaki fragments).
4. Elongation:
– The leading strand is continuously synthesized.
– The lagging strand is synthesized in short segments, which are later joined.
5. Ligation:
– DNA ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments, forming a continuous strand.
6. Proofreading and editing:
– DNA polymerase and other enzymes correct errors and ensure the new DNA is error-free.
7. Completion:
– The replication fork closes, and the new DNA molecule is complete.
8. Separation:
– The replicated chromosomes separate, each containing a complete copy of the genetic material.
This process is regulated by various proteins and enzymes, ensuring accurate and efficient replication of eukaryotic DNA.
See lessHow do specific genetic mutations contribute to the development of diseases like cancer or Alzheimer’s?
Genetic mutations play a pivotal role in the development of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s by altering normal cellular functions. In cancer, mutations can occur in genes that regulate cell growth, division, and apoptosis, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Oncogenes, when mutated, becRead more
Genetic mutations play a pivotal role in the development of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s by altering normal cellular functions. In cancer, mutations can occur in genes that regulate cell growth, division, and apoptosis, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Oncogenes, when mutated, become overactive and promote tumor growth, while tumor suppressor genes lose their ability to control cell division and repair DNA damage. For instance, mutations in the TP53 gene, which encodes the p53 protein, impair its function as a tumor suppressor, leading to unchecked cellular growth and cancer progression.
In Alzheimer’s disease, genetic mutations can disrupt neuronal function and promote the accumulation of toxic proteins. Mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes are associated with early-onset Alzheimer’s. These mutations result in the abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s pathology. Additionally, mutations in the APOE gene, particularly the APOE ε4 allele, increase the risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s by influencing amyloid-beta deposition and clearance, as well as lipid metabolism and neuronal repair.
These genetic alterations, through their impact on cellular pathways, contribute significantly to the onset and progression of complex diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s.
See lessCan the use of gene modification techniques that can create designer babies be considered ethical?
The use of gene modification techniques to create designer babies has sparked intense ethical debates globally. While the potential benefits of such technologies in preventing genetic diseases and enhancing desirable traits are evident, the ethical implications surrounding their application are compRead more
The use of gene modification techniques to create designer babies has sparked intense ethical debates globally. While the potential benefits of such technologies in preventing genetic diseases and enhancing desirable traits are evident, the ethical implications surrounding their application are complex and multifaceted.
Ethical Considerations
1. Autonomy and Consent: The foremost ethical concern revolves around the autonomy and consent of the individual being modified. Designer baby technologies raise question about the right of a future child to have a say in the genetic alterations imposed upon them.
2. Eugenics and Discrimination: There is a risk of perpetuating eugenic ideologies and exacerbating social inequalities by allowing the selection of specific traits. This could lead to discrimination against individuals who do not possess these “desirable” traits.
3. Unintended Consequences: The long-term effects of genetic modifications on the individual, as well as on future generations, are not fully understood. There is a potential for unintended consequences and unforeseen health risks.
4. Inequality and Access: The availability of designer baby technologies may exacerbate existing social and economic disparities, creating a divide between those who can afford genetic enhancements and those who cannot.
5. Respect for Human Diversity: The pursuit of creating “perfect” or “ideal” children through genetic modification challenges the fundamental value of human diversity and the acceptance of natural variations.
In conclusion, while gene modification techniques offer promising medical advancements, their use in creating designer babies raises profound ethical concerns. The potential for unintended consequences, social inequality, and the erosion of human autonomy must be carefully weighed against the perceived benefits. It is imperative to engage in thoughtful and inclusive dialogue involving various stakeholders to ensure that any application of these technologies align with ethical principles and respects the dignity and rights of all individuals.
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