The amendment process in the Indian Constitution has some distinct features when compared to other democratic countries like the United States and the United Kingdom:

1. Rigid vs. Flexible Amendments:
   • Indian Constitution: The Indian Constitution has a relatively rigid amendment process, requiring either a special majority in Parliament (two-thirds of members present and voting) or ratification by at least half of the state legislatures, depending on the nature of the amendment.
   • US Constitution: The US Constitution is considered one of the most rigid constitutions, requiring a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress and ratification by three-fourths of the states.
   • UK Constitution: The UK does not have a written constitution, and constitutional changes can be made through ordinary legislation or conventions, making the amendment process relatively flexible.
2. Judicial Review of Amendments:
   • Indian Constitution: The Indian Supreme Court has the power to review constitutional amendments and can strike down amendments that violate the “basic structure” of the Constitution.
   • US Constitution: The US Supreme Court can review the constitutionality of amendments, but the scope of this review is more limited compared to the Indian judiciary.
   • UK Constitution: The UK Parliament is sovereign, and there is no judicial review of constitutional amendments.
3. Scope of Amendments:
   • Indian Constitution: The Indian Constitution provides a detailed and comprehensive list of subjects that can be amended, with some exceptions (e.g., the federal structure, secularism, and democracy).
   • US Constitution: The US Constitution has a more limited scope of amendment, with specific provisions that can be altered.
   • UK Constitution: The UK’s uncodified constitution can be amended through various means, including parliamentary legislation, conventions, and judicial interpretations.
4. Ratification by States:
   • Indian Constitution: Some amendments in India require ratification by at least half of the state legislatures, reflecting the federal nature of the country.
   • US Constitution: Ratification by three-fourths of the states is required for most constitutional amendments in the United States.
   • UK Constitution: The UK’s unitary system does not require ratification by subnational units for constitutional changes.